Sun Facts What You Need to Know

That sunlight we all enjoy basking in on a lazy afternoon? It comes from a star, the closest one to Earth. Its one of the great features of the Sun, which is the most massive object in the solar system. It efficiently provides the warmth and light that life needs to survive on Earth. It also influences  a collection of planets, asteroids, comets,  Kuiper Belt Objects, and cometary nuclei in the distant  Oà ¶rt Cloud. As important as it is to us, in the grand scheme of the galaxy, the Sun is really sort of average. When astronomers put it in its place in the hierarchy of stars, its not too big, nor too small, nor too active. Technically, its classified as a G-type, main sequence star. The hottest stars are type O and the dimmest are type M on the O, B, A, F, G, K, M scale. The Sun falls more or less in the middle of that scale. Not only that, but its a middle-aged star and astronomers refer to it informally as a yellow dwarf. Thats because its not very massive when compared to such  behemoth stars as Betelgeuse.   The Suns Surface The Sun may look yellow and smooth in our sky, but it actually has quite a mottled surface. Actually, the Sun doesnt have a hard surface as we know it on Earth but instead has an outer layer of an electrified gas called plasma that appears to be a surface. It contains sunspots, solar prominences, and sometimes gets roiled up by outbursts called flares. How often do these spots and flares happen?  It depends on where the Sun is in its solar cycle. When the Sun is most active, it is in solar maximum and we see lots of sunspots and outbursts. When the Sun quiets down, it is in solar minimum and there is less activity. In fact, during such times, it can look pretty bland for long periods of time. The Life of the Sun Our Sun formed in a cloud of gas and dust about 4.5 billion years ago. It will continue to consume hydrogen in its core while emitting light and heat for another 5 billion years or so. Eventually, it will lose much of its mass and sport a planetary nebula. Whats left over will shrink to become a slowly cooling white dwarf, an ancient object that will take billions of years to cool down to a cinder. Whats Inside the Sun The Sun has a layered structure that helps it create light and heat and diffuse them out to the solar system. The core is the central part of the Sun is called the core. Its where the Suns power plant resides. Here, the 15.7 million-degree (K) temperature and extremely high pressure are enough to cause hydrogen to fuse into helium. This process supplies nearly all of the energy output of the Sun, which allows it to give off the equivalent energy of 100 billion nuclear bombs each second. The radiative zone lies outside of the core, stretching to a distance of about 70% of the Suns radius, the hot plasma of the Sun  helps radiate energy away from the core through a region called the radiative zone. During this process, the temperature drops from 7,000,000 K to about 2,000,000 K. The convective zone helps transfer solar heat and light in a process called convection. The hot gas plasma cools as it carries energy to the surface. The cooled gas then sinks back to the boundary of the radiative and convection zones and the process begins again. Imagine a bubbling pot of syrup to get an idea of what this convection zone is like.   The photosphere (the visible surface): normally when viewing the Sun (using only proper equipment of course) we see only the photosphere, the visible surface. Once photons get to the surface of the Sun, they travel away and out through space. The surface of the Sun has a temperature of roughly 6,000 Kelvin, which is why the Sun appears yellow on Earth.   The corona (outer atmosphere): during a solar eclipse a glowing aura can be seen around the Sun. This is the Suns atmosphere, known as the corona. The dynamics of the hot gas that surround the Sun remain somewhat a mystery, although solar physicists suspect a phenomenon known as nanoflares are helping to heat the corona. Temperatures in the corona reach up to millions of degrees, far hotter than the solar surface.   The corona is the name given to the collective layers of the atmosphere, but it is also specifically the outermost layer. The lower cool layer (about 4,100 K) receives its photons directly from the photosphere, on which are stacked the progressively hotter layers of the chromosphere and corona. Eventually, the corona fades out into the vacuum of space. Fast Facts about the Sun The Sun is a middle-aged, yellow dwarf star. It is about 4.5 billion years old and will live anothe 5 billion years.The Suns structure is layered, with a very hot core, a radiative zone, a convective zone, a surface photosphere, and a corona.  The Sun blows a steady stream of particles out from its outer layers, called the solar wind.   Edited by  Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Ethics of Information Communication Technology (Ict)

239 ETHICS OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Paper prepared by Tengku Mohd T. Sembok, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for the Regional Meeting on Ethics of Science and Technology 5-7 November 2003, Bangkok UNESCO Regional Unit for Social Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific (RUSHSAP) 241 ETHICS OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) 1. INTRODUCTION Globalization and digital convergence in the emerging knowledge society has raised complex ethical, legal and societal issues. We are faced with complex and difficult questions regarding the freedom of expression, access to information, the right to privacy, intellectual property rights, and cultural diversity. ICT is an instrumental need of all humans†¦show more content†¦ii. iii. Based on the findings, recommendations for action will be highlighted as programmes towards combating the negative aspects of the use of ICT, and towards achieving the positive results of embracing ICT culture in everyday life. 1.1 Overview Information technology is impacting all walks of life all over the world. ICT developments have made possible a transition in information storage, processing, and dissemination, from paper to virtual and from atoms to bits, which are now setting new standards of speed, efficiency, and accuracy in human activities. Computerized databases are extensively used to store all sorts of confidential data of political, social, economic or personal nature to support human activities and bringing various benefits to the society. However, the rapid development of ICT globally also has led to the growth of new forms of national and transnational crimes. These crimes have virtually no boundaries and may affect any country across the globe. 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This improvements have led to the emergence of such term as ‘Internet of Everything’, when more and more things, soon to include our clothes, are being embedded with different types of processors, electronics and sensors. While this growing network of everyday objects

Evaluation Plan For Breast Cancer Screening Programme †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Program Planning And Evaluation In Public Health and Evaluation Plan For Breast Cancer Screening Programme. Answer: Introduction There are so many programs related to health and care of public in the nation but the awareness of the programs in the view of public is not that much as should be. The main aim of public health program is to control disability, disease, injury and diseases. This task has become more complex to run in perfect manner. Evaluation motivates to examine the program in sophisticated manner; including which activities takes place, who involved in the activities and who is attain result. It is the report which will focus on the health care program and analyze will be done over the program in sophisticated manner. There is a lot of importance of evaluation plan because it determines the required information by stakeholders and the owner of the health care program (Grembowski, 2015). Along with that the valuation plan aids to gather the data by recognizing the effective possible methods and strategies. The Breast Cancer Screening program has been chosen for this assignment. The main purpose of choosing this program is to make aware ladies about the breast cancer earlier so that they can have the best chance to being cured. It has been analyzed that more than 2 billion women has breast cancer in UK. It is the program which is open for the ladies whose age between 50 to 70 years but for this the patient should be registered first with a GP to receive the invitations. There are various kind of stakeholders involve in the evaluation plan of breast cancer screening program (NCBI, 2016). The rational of evaluation plan will be discussed in this report. The major factors will be analyzed in an appropriate manner which can influence the successful dissemination and utilization of the evaluations finding. The main purpose of the evaluation plan is to attain the effective knowledge about the activities of the program (Kajiho, et. al., 2016). It will be facilitated to decide the outcomes of a health program by providing the evidence considering the contributions of program. Summary of the Evaluation Plan of Breast Cancer screening program Goal: the main objective of the breast cancer screening program to provide services all women aged 50 to 70 for screening every 3 years. The major goal of this program to facilitate discovers breast cancer as early as possible in term to enhance the chance of recovery (Cancer Research UK, 2017). Objectives Strategies Process Indicator Data Collection Methods of Process Indicators Impact/ Outcome Indicators Data Collection Methods of 2 Effect Indicators 1. To provide breast screening called mammography test to all women whose age between 50 and 70 years. Collect information from the data of census and offer them to get secured from breast cancer. Quality of the relevant information and quantity of the population. Survey conducted to get aware about the women who are suffering from breast cancer so that other women can get aware about the potential health issues and get checkup earlier. The screened women will be more aware about whether they have an issue regarding breast and the services to get cured from this disease would be available for them. Analyze the data of collected information to see the possibility of check up of breast cancer in among women. To provide knowledge about the pros and cons of breast cancer to those ladies who come with patients. Health care, health risk and behaviors, economics and health status are major process indicators. Survey conducted to get aware about the population. 2. To enhance the awareness and knowledge about this program so that women get chance of being cured. Advertisement of the program in the social media, news channel and news paper. Various kind of advertisement material made and circulated. Documentation and ask the people if they use social media. Women will get aware about the program and focus on to have test of it for once. It will be liable to reduce the risk of breast cancer and increase the satisfaction for health. Survey people exposed to the program activities. Conduct a program for making aware people about the program. The people who have age more than 65 years. Several ways of promotions. Survey 3. To improve the quality of life of women by protecting them from breast cancer. Conducting program and activities for improving the rate of protection of breast cancer and it would make easier for the nurses to reach at risk Number of aged people who involve in the activities. Satisfaction level of program and activities. Interview with women to get know about the concern related to breast issues with them so that the advice can be given to them to get tested in every 3 years. Activities will be implemented for the purpose of increasing the awareness of the program for women. Survey local and nationally of women whose age is above 50 and less than 80. 4. To reduce the reason of death in the world due to breast cancer. To focus on various factors such as health risks and behaviors, health status and the death rate of women by breast cancer. Vital elements such as specificity of diagnostic procedures, availability of nurse counseling and perform appropriate follow up. Review the sample of forms to checks the health concerns and other issues with women. After screening and test many women are readmitted with breast cancer. Activities of document and survey people who are screened. Rational of evaluation plan The evaluation plan is vital for improving the quality of health system involvement against Breast cancer and to understand whether these involvements have attained the measured goals. Monitoring is able to keep active manager to track progress of program or policies of the planned goals. Especially when new approaches are being used for instance innovative early detection programs (Eldredge, Markham, Ruiter, Kok and Parcel, 2016). It is essential to monitor closely both results whether they have nature of intended or unintended along with that the assumptions should be revised appropriately on which the involvement is based. Participatory evaluation is an approach that includes the stakeholders of a policy in the process of evaluation. The description about the methods, scope, design, stakeholders, ethical concerns, timing and political issues will be mentioned below in the context of Breast Cancer Program. Methods The methods are being taken to analyze the evaluation plan is qualitative data and quantitative data. The survey will be helpful to analyze the concern of women regarding breast cancer and other issues related to breast (Kim, et. al., 2014). Interview with women can be arranged who had experience of breast screen. The questionnaire is made to analyze and evaluate the effect of breast screening test. With the help of questionnaire the response of different people regarding test and the Breast Screening Program will be gathered which would be facilitated to know about the impact of this program. The information regarding program can be collected from the data of the program and use to inform policy development, enable strategic research and review the indicators of program (Hambly, et. al., 2009). It has been evaluated that The Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council (AHMAC) are agreed to an evaluation of the Breast Screen Australia Program in October 2005. By taking help of that report the evaluation plan of this program can be initiated. It comes under the quantitative data which will be helpful to check the concern of women regarding breast cancer. Scope The evaluation plan indicates that there are various challenges in the program of breast screening program but it can be resolved easily by making aware women about its pros so that they can get aware about the possible chances of being patient of breast cancer and cured herself prior. To make the evaluation plan for breast screening program, financial help is taken from government, NGOs and from those who are ready to donation for improving the condition of health of public. The main scope of the evaluation plan is to keep focus on false positives and false negative results. It cannot be found by screening that cancer is there that is why some pope with breast cancer will be missed. It refers as a false negative result. When the test picks up something in some women even they are not victim of breast cancer called as false positive result. Design The main focus of evaluation plan is to enhance he rate of the target age group to increase mortality reduction through a range of social marketing and communication. Along with those service delivery strategies is applied in the evaluation plan, while making sure there is enough capacity to meet the demand. The cross sectional design is taken to approach women from target population. It involves the women from linguistically and culturally background, women living in various major cities and women who surviving in very low remote areas. Stakeholders There are various stakeholders are contributed to implement the evaluation program. It includes doctors, women, nurses, and operators of program, agencies, governments, NGOs and consumers. These plans are improved due to contribution of them in the evaluation plan. The goal of evaluation plan is fulfilled due to support of stakeholders because they are the key themes of success of it (Posavac, 2015). The doctor is supportive in the term of treatment of breast cancer while the agencies, government and NGOs are supportive to provide financial support to conduct research over the people of breast cancer. Ethical issues Ethical consideration is vital process while researching something confidential. There are some ethical issues is arisen such as approval from committee, informed consent and conflicts between evaluation team. To prevent from ethical concern there are some policies are applicable which is liable to take action against those who disclose the confidential information while researching and evaluating (Andersen and Christensen, 2005). The property standards is involved in the evaluation plan while conducting that is service orientation, right of human subjects, human interactions, complete and fair assignments, fiscal responsibility and disclosure of findings. Timings It has been evaluated that the timing is required for evaluation plan is maximum 6 months because it involves the data of death due to breast cancer which is taken 1 or 1.5 months to evaluate in an adequate manner. Summative evaluation is considered to evaluate the data because it contains outcome evaluation and impact evaluation. These outcomes are brought the changes that have nature of short term and long term that outcome directly from the program like attitude change, social norms and knowledge and awareness (Skaane and Skjennald, 2004). Political issues Political issues can be the major issue for evaluating the plan regarding breast cancer. Internal pressure can be the reason of creating ethical issues. Policies are compulsory for making evaluation plan and it can also be the reason of issues as well (Lewin, et. al., 2002). The evaluation should b maintained and proper planned with anticipation of the various interest of several group. Political viability helps to obtain the cooperation so that the misuse of the outcomes can be avoided. Disseminate and Utilise Dissemination is considered as the process of communicating process and learning from the plan of evaluation to relevant audiences on time and it should be unbiased. There are so many elements of the evaluation which may be forceful to prevent the communication in proper manner that is why the reporting strategy should be discussed in prior with intended users and other specifics stakeholders (Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012). There is also requirement of planning effective communications to consider the timing the, message source and format of information products. This evaluation plan has been made on the Breast Cancer Screening Programme and it is important for the evaluation plan to attain entire disclosure and unbiased reporting in spite of how communications are made. It has been found that there are issues to implement the evaluation plan in an appropriate manner. These issues can be decreased by taking help of dissemination (Lyman, et. al., 2014). Evalua tion is also punctual staff to simplify their understanding about the goals of the program. There is involvement of many stakeholders in the evaluation plan and the issue can be come in the form of denying providing services on required time (Sewdass and Du Toit, 2014). The findings of evaluation should be utilized; there is also utilization that drive from the evaluating process. In the breast cancer program these process uses should be motivated to enhance the awareness of the women towards the test of breast cancer so that they can get cured before becoming the victim of it. The stakeholders who take part in an evaluation can experience reflective changes in beliefs and behaviour (Lauby-Secretan, et. al., 2015). For example, the challenges in the evaluation plan of breast cancer can force the other related member of evaluation plan to act differently in what they are pursuing and to positive or negative assumptions of people that interlinked program activities with intended effects. The promptness of clarity of goals and objectives of the evaluation plan is able to turn member of the evaluation plan to better function as team focused on a common end. In brief, interest in the logic, values and reasoning of evaluation can have effective but positi ve possessions like firming decisions on systematic judgments instead of on unfounded assumptions. There are additional process is also considered for evaluation that involve the clear definition of indicators which should be clear in the perspective of stakeholders (Gnant, et. al., 2011). It facilitates to make results matter by amending the corroboration linked with attaining the positive results. For instance, a funder can provide grant bonus or outcome dividends to a program that has reflected a major amount of community change and improvement. It has been learned from the evaluation plan of breast cancer to target those ladies whose age is more than 50 but lesser than 70. Conclusion It has been calculated that the role of evaluation plan is major in the health program for public because it helps to determine the impact of the program over the public. The possible changes can be accomplished by making evaluation plan for specific health program. It is the report which has been made on the breast cancer screening program. Program evaluation is able to recognize the location of the program in perfect manner and along with that it can recognize the lack of transportation as a barrier to attendance. The evaluation plan has been made on breast cancer screening program in which various objectives and strategies has been mentioned. Each strategy has process indicators which is having the source of data collection. Data is collected regarding women whose checkup or test of breast is done or remained from the survey and the report of census to get the data of women living in particular area. It has been evaluated that more than 15,000 breast cancers are diagnosed by scree ning in England. It has been recommended by the UK guidelines that women with a high risk of breast cancer if this issue is exist in the history of her family that is why it is important to have screening mammograms every year (Kalager, Zelen, Langmark and Adami, 2010). References Andersen, P.H. and Christensen, P.R., 2005,From localized to corporate excellence: How do MNCs extract, combine and disseminate sticky knowledge from regional innovation systems(No. 05-16). DRUID, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Industrial Economics and Strategy/Aalborg University, Department of Business Studies. Cancer Research UK, 2017, Breast screening, Retrived on 30th October 2017 from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/screening/breast-screening. Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A., Kok, G. and Parcel, G.S., 2016,Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach, John Wiley Sons. Gnant, M., Mlineritsch, B., Stoeger, H., Luschin-Ebengreuth, G., Heck, D., Menzel, C., Jakesz, R., Seifert, M., Hubalek, M., Pristauz, G. and Bauernhofer, T., 2011, Adjuvant endocrine therapy plus zoledronic acid in premenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: 62-month follow-up from the ABCSG-12 randomised trial.The lancet oncology,12(7), pp.631-641. Grembowski, D., 2015,The practice of health program evaluation, Sage Publications. Hambly, N.M., McNicholas, M.M., Phelan, N., Hargaden, G.C., O'Doherty, A. and Flanagan, F.L., 2009, Comparison of digital mammography and screen-film mammography in breast cancer screening: a review in the Irish breast screening program.American Journal of Roentgenology,193(4), pp.1010-1018. Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012, The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review,The Lancet,380(9855), pp.1778-1786. Kajiho, H., Kajiho, Y., Frittoli, E., Confalonieri, S., Bertalot, G., Viale, G., Di Fiore, P.P., Oldani, A., Garre, M., Beznoussenko, G.V. and Palamidessi, A., 2016, RAB2A controls MT1?MMP endocytic and E?cadherin polarized Golgi trafficking to promote invasive breast cancer programs.EMBO reports,17(7), pp.1061-1080. Kalager, M., Zelen, M., Langmark, F. and Adami, H.O., 2010, Effect of screening mammography on breast-cancer mortality in Norway.New England Journal of Medicine,363(13), pp.1203-1210. Kim, J.H., Sharma, A., Dhar, S.S., Lee, S.H., Gu, B., Chan, C.H., Lin, H.K. and Lee, M.G., 2014, UTX and MLL4 coordinately regulate transcriptional programs for cell proliferation and invasiveness in breast cancer cells,Cancer research,74(6), pp.1705-1717. Lauby-Secretan, B., Scoccianti, C., Loomis, D., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Bouvard, V., Bianchini, F. and Straif, K., 2015, Breast-cancer screeningviewpoint of the IARC Working Group, New England Journal of Medicine,372(24), pp.2353-2358. Lewin, J.M., D'Orsi, C.J., Hendrick, R.E., Moss, L.J., Isaacs, P.K., Karellas, A. and Cutter, G.R., 2002, Clinical comparison of full-field digital mammography and screen-film mammography for detection of breast cancer.American Journal of Roentgenology,179(3), pp.671-677. Lyman, G.H., Temin, S., Edge, S.B., Newman, L.A., Turner, R.R., Weaver, D.L., Benson III, A.B., Bosserman, L.D., Burstein, H.J., Cody III, H. and Hayman, J., 2014, Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update.,Journal of Clinical Oncology,32(13), pp.1365-1383. NCBI, 2016, The breast cancer screening program in Germany, Retrived on 30th October 2017 from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361021/. Posavac, E., 2015,Program evaluation: Methods and case studies, Routledge. Sewdass, N. and Du Toit, A., 2014, Current state of competitive intelligence in South Africa,International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.185-190. Skaane, P. and Skjennald, A., 2004, Screen-film mammography versus full-field digital mammography with soft-copy reading: randomized trial in a population-based screening programthe Oslo II study.Radiology,232(1), pp.197-204. van Luijt, P., Heijnsdijk, E. and de Koning, H., 2014, breast cancer screening program.Overdiagnosis in the Dutch and Norwegian breast cancer screening program, p.115.

Levendary Cafe free essay sample

After gaining the power Foster felt the challenge to make Lavendary Cafe a multi-national brand;Wall Street’s were very skeptical about this idea. Foster did not have previous experience in an international management, therefore the risk was big, especially if the restaurants were supposed to enter China market;she knew that her idea will be in the center of attention. Over the 23 years Howard had relied on CCO-Lucian Leclerc, who had ability to take control risk and also was following the food-trend;Lavendar was in the top U. S. restaurants. The slogan was introduced: â€Å"Tasty Fresh Goodness’-TFG. As the marketing is an important part of the business the CCO decided to cooperate with advertising company to convey TFG concept through advertising images and copy. At the same time the logo was very well-think, as Lavendar Cafe promoted through healthy and cheap food;logo included earth tones to communicate natural. We will write a custom essay sample on Levendary Cafe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The look of the Cafe in each location is the same, but menu is changing in accordance to the local market preferences as well as pricing differences to meet local competition. But for the recognition purposes the outlook stays the same. Lavendary Cafe was categorized as the quick casual restaurants, therefore the entrees prices are between $8-$20. The two main characteristics of the Cafe are the salads, sandwiches and wholesome soups which are made using high-quality ingredients and a obligation to service in a friendly and comfortable environment. At the same time Lavender Cafe is recognize as the one which is willing to take a risk, especially those which help to develop and evaluate over the time and as a results in profits. The global business environment the company operates in. Consider the industry main competitions, and the biggest challenge Business environment is very competitive especially in food industry is very stable in terms of food and brand loyalty, therefore this forms a high barrier for new competition to break in to the market. ie. Lavendary cafe. Biggest challenge is to change the perception of the local consumers to switch from their staple food of ie. rice, to sandwiches, fresh soups and salads, which is of a more competitive price as wheat prices are booming due to high demand. herefore sandwiches act as a good substitute. to change the perception of new brand ie. lavendary cafe. Will be the most difficult task as there are many factors to consider, some are long term, as taste which requires high promotion especially if the market is very stable, which means high costs are expected. If entering a completely new market people have to see and with time brand is gaining customers. Oth ers are short term as income, demand/supply so, with time and great effort invested in promotional means, changes will emerge ie. hanges in taste, however, this also depends on other competitions product quality, if product quality of competitors decrease, this will encourage a substitution effect to arise, subsequently, consumers will be more willing to change their buying habits and o the market will be more penetrable. As Lavendary Cafe is very flexible their menu are different and especially fitted for the customers in given area. At the same time while brand was under Howard directions their emphasizes :†delighting the customers†. He was telling his stuff †Forget today’s profit. Have a positive impact on customers†. The plan was to gain lots of loyalty clients as the product could be very personalize, as adding extra cheese to the sandwich or making soup extra hot, Those little features are making people to come back. As McDonald was considered as the competition for Lavendary Cafe, they differ from each other in the strategy, while McDonald is creating same menu for its entire system Lavendary Cafe was more flexible and glocalization occurred. Different extra meals were offered and the North and different in the South. At the same time they wanted to â€Å"stay fresh† in the eyes of customers so every so often the choices of the menu were evolving and healthy top-product were added,, ie. quinoa or pomegranates. Also KFC is considered as a great competition, who had more than 3,000 restaurants in 450 Chinese cities and since 2010 KFC opened new store every day. They adapted to Chinese market through adding typical cuisine ie. congee rice porridge,, famous seasoning. McDondald entered Chinese market five years after KFC and developed very rapidly an by 2010, 1,100 restaurants operated in 110 cities. The organizational structure of the company. Organizational structure in the method by which an organization communicate, distributes responsibility and adapts to change. †Organizational structure is how a company utilizes its resources to achieve it goals† . The structure has to be dynamic to adapt to current market, needs and expectations. In the company the Vertical hierarchical organization structure was introduced. There is one CEO-Mia Foster. Directly under CEO there are five subjects, who are in turn, in charge of other subjects. This system seems to be not very well think and chaotic, as out of 5 subject two of them dont have direct downline, as Chief Franchise Officer and VP. Business Dev. In contrast EVP. Administrations have five other subject under to operate with. This is an example of an inefficient organization structure. The impact of culture of the chosen business activities around the world Chinese culture has high marginal propensity to save for thus therefore cheap sandwiches, salads and soups between 8-20 will attract and increase consumption of the goods. However due to chinese culture sandwiches do not appeal within this market. marginal propensity to save means the population in chinese culture prefer to save than to spend. United states of america , we have a have propensity to spend and so our taste and buying habits change also; for this reason, united kingdom’s market is every penetrable to new arising enterprises. However, in china this is different. The difference is in the income level of china and also the value of its currency; the value of chinese currency is very low and so, buying power is also very weak in comparison to other developing economies. hoices in china is also very low and there are regulatory barriers for new enterprises due to china’s economy is a closed market in terms of transfer of knowledge. for instance, china has barriers to block certain information from other country’s into china which exposes the chinese market to be negative. therefore, for these following reasons, it will be difficult to penetrate the chinese market as there are many of barriers and censoring in exposing certain products into the chinese market. or example, if lavendery cafe products change the taste of the chinese population away from the staple food of rice, china would put barriers to stop our export into china. This is because the rice market is predominant total revenue within china; if lavendaery products harm this stability, the competition will be eliminated. Within the united states of american market, it is a more developed economy and so the living standards within the united states of america is relatively high compared to China. ost part of china is rural areas and so living standards within these regions is very low; data shows families live under the poverty line, which is a family surviving under $2 per day. This is one of the main differences in contract to the united states of america; this information has to be considered by lavendery cafe, so that the location can be chosen to maximize profits and avoid potential losses to the business. American culture are big consumers of meat. for instance, fast food restaurants are very successful within the united states of america, where large portions are sold and consumed on a regular basis. or example, in McDonald’s large portions of fires and friend chicken is produced on a massive scale to supply the large demand for these consumables. Whereas, china’s main staple food is predominately, wheat, not meat. This is because of their culture. Wheat is very filling and so consumption need not to be large as it is a complex carbohydrate. in the contrary, the american market consume for pleasure as food is a luxury not a need. china on the other hand, has different understanding and perception of the value of food to be healthy. In addition, the chinese market is made up of the majority being labour intensive. For this reason, complex carbohydrates, which is rice for example, achieves what is required to satisfy and sustain hunger for long periods as chinese working hours is very long, without breaks. In contrast, in united states of america, working hours are relatively low compared to china, including good recreation hours between working shifts. Price elasticity measures the sensitivity of price changes of products. United states of america are price inelastic; changes in price of food will not cause a large change in demand for the product. or example, price of lavendery cafe salads increased by 2%, results in no changes to the demand of the salads. This maybe due to high income levels of the american population and that food price is relatively low. China in comparison, is very price elastic. Price elastic in terms of changes in food prices will cause a large change in the demand of X food product ie. the chinese market is very price sensitive. this is true in some regions for instanc e, in rural china as the income levels are relatively low, in comparison to the city ie. in Shanghai, where income levels are relatively very high and are stable in comparison. ith regards to this, lavendary should locate their business within the city where price elasticity is inelastic ie. within the cities of China, affluent familys are ale to afford to try a different western cuisine. Lavendary Cafe will have to adapt its sandwiches, soups and salads to accommodate the tastes of the chinese population to enable its sales to flow, following the examples of McDonalds and KFC. Chinese consumers are very unwilling to change their buying habits in terms of food. Therefore Lavendary Cafe has to invest a lot in marketing;high costs of promotion via mass media advertisement ie. TV and billboard promotions. The key management issues the chosen organization faces Inefficiency in communication horizontally can be a problem. There is no proper communication between admin and operating officer, this is further delayed by vertical miscommunication ie. EVP Administrations has many downlines and so communication errors can occur and cause delays within the chain of communication up the hierarchy then horizontally between departments. There is no smooth flow of the informations between departments. There is too many people in the hierarchy, therefore the informations are not being passed immediately therefore delays occurs. If there is an autocratic system, Mia Foster-CEO is the one who is making the final decision. Therefore there might be no motivation in managers, who are being below CEO. They cannot make decisions based on actual facts . Even if they would know more than CEO and their decision will be more inform decision than CEO to who infotmations are being passed from the managers, who are being below, even if the information are from first hand, CEO cannot asses them properly, as each manager is being specialised in given are, therefore their decision will be more proper and could bring lots of benefits, but in autocratic system CEO make all decisions. However Lavendary Cafe operate in the way that each franchise in each country ie. China will be tailored to the Chinese market not only to US market as they want to increase sales so adaptation of own product to the locals is essential to achieve the objectives.

Poetic Devices in How Do I love Thee Flashcard

Poetic Devices in How Do I love Thee

Definition and Types of Illocutionary Force

Definition and Types of Illocutionary Force In speech-act theory, illocutionary force  refers to a speakers intention in delivering an utterance  or to the kind of illocutionary act the speaker is performing. Also known as an illocutionary function  or illocutionary point. In Syntax: Structure, Meaning, and Function (1997), Van Vallin and LaPolla state that illocutionary force refers to whether an utterance is an assertion, a question, a command or an expression of a wish. These are different types of illocutionary force, which means that we can talk about interrogative illocutionary force, imperative illocutionary force, optative illocutionary force, and declarative illocutionary force. The terms illocutionary act and illocutionary force were introduced by British linguistic philosopher John L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words (1962). Examples and Observations Illocutionary Act and Illocutionary Force [A]n illocutionary act refers to the type of function a speaker intends to accomplish in the course of producing an utterance. It is an act accomplished in speaking and defined within a system of social conventions. Thus, if John says to Mary Pass me the glasses, please, he performs the illocutionary act of requesting or ordering Mary to hand the glasses over to him. The functions or actions just mentioned are also referred to as the illocutionary force or illocutionary point of the speech act. The illocutionary force of a speech act is the effect a speech act is intended to have by a speaker. Indeed, the term speech act in its narrow sense is often taken to refer specifically to illocutionary act.(Yan Huang, The Oxford Dictionary of Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 2012) Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices There are different devices used to indicate how an illocutionary force must be interpreted. For example, Open the door and Could you open the door have the same propositional content (open the door), but they represent different illocutionary acts- an order and a request respectively. These devices that aid the hearer in identifying the illocutionary force of the utterance are referred to as the illocutionary force indicating devices or IFIDs [also called illocutionary force markers]. Performative verbs, mood, word order, intonation, stress are examples of IFIDs.(Elizabeth Flores Salgado,  The Pragmatics of Requests and Apologies. John Benjamins, 2011) I may indicate the kind of illocutionary act I am performing by beginning the sentence with I apologize, I warn, I state, etc. Often, in actual speech situations, the context will make it clear what the illocutionary force of the utterance is, without its being necessary to invoke the appropriate explicit illocutionary force indicator.(John R. Searle,  Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1969) I Was Just Saying That Kenneth Parcell: Im sorry, Mr. Jordan. Im just overworked. With my page duties and being Mr. Donaghys assistant, theres not enough hours in the day.Tracy Jordan: Im sorry about that. But just let me know if theres any way I can help.Kenneth: Actually, there is one thing...Tracy: No! I was just saying that! Why cant you read human facial cues (Jack McBrayer and Tracy Morgan, Cutbacks. 30 Rock, April 9, 2009) Pragmatic Competence Achieving pragmatic competence involves the ability to understand the illocutionary force of an utterance, that is, what a speaker intends by making it. This is particularly important in cross-cultural encounters since the same form (e.g. When are you leaving?) can vary in its illocutionary force depending on the context in which it is made (e.g. May I have a ride with you? or Dont you think it is time for you to go?).(Sandra Lee McKay, Teaching English as an International Language. Oxford University Press, 2002) What I Really Mean When I say how are you to a co-worker, I really mean hello. Although I know what I mean by how are you, it is possible that the receiver does not know that I mean hello and actually proceeds to give me a fifteen-minute discourse on his various maladies.(George Ritzer, Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science. Allyn Bacon, 1980)

Transfer of Training and Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Transfer of Training and Evaluation - Assignment Example s after the training, two instruments that will be use include tests to measure the learning objectives or cognitive, and well as observation to measure the trainees demonstrate the skills acquired from the training. Test questions will be issued to the trainees about the steps and procedures that are used in collecting and analyzing the evidence from finger prints. This will assess whether the trainees have understood the principles and facts or not. The training will then be provided with practical tests to carry out whatever they have been trained on, practically. Observation will be used in assessing the trainees in order to gauge whether the correct steps and procedures are followed. The trainees were then provided with the required materials to carry out the fingerprints capturing procedure step by step. Observation was used to assess the learning outcomes. Many of the trainees were able to demonstrate the learning outcomes of this training. However, few were observed to miss on one point here and there, but on average, they all did well. The pretest assessment is used to assess the trainees’ level of understanding of particular training before it is carried out and after, so that one can be sure that the training objectives are met. Observation as a level three instrument was used to assess the trainees and gauge whether they did or did not understand the training facts and

Justice Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Justice Discussion - Essay Example Therefore, the original position of justice is the initial status quo that ensures the necessary agreements are fair. Consequently, justice is equated with fairness and acceptability as determined by the situation. Rawls theorized two principles of justice founded on equality. Specifically, these principles are The implementation of justice depends on fairness as expressed in Rawls principles. In making policies, laws, decisions, or judgments, it is important to ensure each party in the case receives a fair decision. Precisely, this means acting without any form of discrimination or external influence that might sway the decision (Rawls,  1971). As Rawls puts it, justice ensures efficiency in the distribution of resources and promoting economic development. On a similar account, Plato asserts that the implementation of justice should depict a virtue of the soul that promotes the health of the soul (Plato, Ferrari, & Griffith, 2000). In summary, the application of justice encourages equality, efficiency, fairness and non-discriminatory

Type of business, purpose and ownership Essay Example for Free

Type of business, purpose and ownership Essay Sainsbury’s Sainsbury’s is the UK’s most long standing major food retailer, having opened its first shop in 1869. Sainsbury’s brand is built around providing fresh and tasty food for its customers. It differentiates itself from other supermarkets by offering a broad range of products at a great price, a strong ethical approach to business and continuous leadership. The size of Sainsbury’s consists of 504 supermarkets and 309 convenience stores. A large Sainsbury’s produces over 30,000 products. Sainsbury’s is currently in the tertiary and secondary sector, this is because Sainsbury’s provides services (through banks), sell goods and own their own farm. Their purpose is to exceed customer’s expectations for fresh and healthy food, making their lives easier every day. Sainsbury’s ownership is the public limited sector because it sells its goods on the stock exchange. Sainsbury’s key stakeholders are: Customers: They want a company to produce products that meet or exceed their needs, they would like to see improvements Employees: They want the company to provide them a source of revenue; they seek security for employment, promotional opportunities and good rates of reward Suppliers: Want stable instructions and punctual payments. They want to be valued by the company they work for. RSPCA RSPCA stands for Royal Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The vision of RSPCA is to work in a world that humans respect and live in harmony with the natural world. RSPCA first begun in 1824 as society for prevention of cruelty to animals. It total profit is funded by donations and legacies. Local inspectors were appointed and people promised to donate  £20 pounds towards their inspectors. This has created 172 branches in English and Wales. In addition to the branches, there is one charity run by an animal trust and the other is run by a charitable company. RSPCA is currently in the tertiary sector as they provide services for animals that need to have health checks. Their purpose is to provide animals with special needs a loving home. RSPCA is categorised into a charitable trust, this is to raise funds and support them for good causes. RSPCA’s key stakeholders  are: Employees: The employees will be happy to work on a charitable basis and also need to be caring fo r the animals in need. Government: The government wants RSPCA to be successful, it would like to see prosperous business that take full responsibility in welfare of society Local and National communities: The actions of the business has a remarkable outcome on the communities, the communities therefore represent interest groups. Summary: The main differences between Sainsbury’s and RSPCA is that Sainsbury’s sells products like food and clothes for money and services , while RSPCA provide services that raise money for the services they provide for example they ask people to donate money to help animals in need The main similarities are Sainsbury’s and RSPCA are in the same sector because Sainsbury’s provide services like banking to people who can’t come to their shops to buy their shopping. RSPCA provide a service that look after animals and give them medical treatment

Analysis Of Pepsico Vision Statement Business Essay

Analysis Of Pepsico Vision Statement Business Essay PepsiCo is a company which is most successful well-known brands in the world. Pepsi Company is nationally and globally to operating in non-alcoholic beverage industry, soft drink industry, and savoury snack industry. Besides that, PepsiCo offers the worlds largest portfolio of food and beverage brands included 22 different product lines. And the biggest competition from competitor is Coca-Cola in soft drink industry. Analysis of PepsiCo Vision Statement According to vision statement of PepsiCo, I had used seven components to analysis the vision such as directional, graphic, focus, flexible, feasible, desirable, and easy to understand. First of all, the directional component of PepsiCo is target to become a truly sustainable company by using focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value. From the case, PepsiCo has extensive statements on sustainability, the environment, health and wellness, and diversity. Pepsi Company is nationally and globally to operating in non-alcoholic beverage industry, soft drink industry, and savoury snack industry. PepsiCo is able to expansion market to serve new market segment by provides health and safety product to make consumer more confidence to purchase and become a sustainable company. Besides that, the graphic component of PepsiCo is not appearing in the current vision statement. From the current vision, it has no mention about company management is create and the market position the company is striving to stake out. Moreover, the focus component of PepsiCo is focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value. According to the PepsiCo case which said that PepsiCo are focusing in projects to increase to use of recycled materials and reduce material used in packaging. It will help PepsiCo build a good brand image, environment friendly and good reputation. When brand image is created, it will increase brand awareness of Pepsi and easy to launch new product to serve new market segment and achieve the commitment of shareholder value. However, once the commitment with shareholder is broken it will bring negative effect to the company such as poor reputation and decrease number of invertors. In addition, the flexible component of PepsiCo is creating a better tomorrow than today. From the statement, PepsiCo is wanted to improve all aspects of the world to create a better future. So, it may help increase more potential profitability due to better than previous year. And, it also assists PepsiCo a step forward to be truly sustainable company. Yet, it also some aspect is uncontrollable such as new competitor and economic downturn. Furthermore, the feasible component is about the reasonable expect to achieve in due time. From the case, PepsiCo is expecting continually to improve all the aspects of the world. PepsiCo is able to achieve this vision due to strong financial and also wide range of distribution network. It also has opportunities capture more market share around the world. However, it needs resources and times to achieve the goal. Additionally, the desirable component is about long term interest of stakeholders. In the vision of PepsiCo, it is commitment to build shareholder value. PepsiCo has long history of delivery strong financial growth for shareholders with the powerful brand and commitment to sustainability and top global talent. Conversely, it also face problem when shareholders may disagree with PepsiCo decision making and may occur conflict belong PepsiCo and shareholder. Lastly, the easy to understand component is about ease to communicate and understand of the vision statement. From the PepsiCos vision statement, it is using a clear language and simple to make customer easy to understand their vision. Analysis of Vision Statements- Shortcomings For the shortcoming of vision statement, I had used five components to analysis the shortcoming such as vague and incomplete, not forward looking, bland, too broad or not distinctive, and rely on superlatives. First of all, the vague and incomplete component is about short on specific or does not provide much indication and how the PepsiCo intend to alter the current product, market, customer, and technology focus. PepsiCo is only mention about improve all aspects of the world in which they operate for their economic, social and environment. But it is missing out to mention about Pepsi product portfolio and how they treat their employees in vision statement. Besides that, the not forward looking is about the company is not concern about the future. From the vision of PepsiCo, it has concern about the future by the sentences creating a better tomorrow than today by using improving the aspects of the world in which they are operated. Furthermore, the bland component is about the company lacking in motivational power. From the vision statement of PepsiCo, it has commitment to achieve shareholder value, so from the commitment will motivate the shareholders to support the company. Next, the component is too broad and not distinctive is about the vision could apply to most any company. The vision statement of PepsiCo is too common and corporate social responsibility can apply to most any company. Lastly, the component rely on superlatives is about the vision too reliant on such superlatives as best, most successful and market leader. From the PepsiCo vision is does not mention is most successful and first choice of customers. Recommendation From the analysis of shortcomings in the vision statement of PepsiCo, I would like to give few recommendations to improve the current vision statement of PepsiCo. First of all, I would like to recommend about the incomplete vision statement of PepsiCo. The vision of PepsiCo should include their company product, market, customer, technology focus, and their employees. So, employee and customer can easy to understand what kind of business PepsiCo is running and what purpose of PepsiCo is targeted. The second shortcomings vision statement is not distinctive. From my opinion, the company vision should be different with other companys vision. PepsiCos vision statement is too broad and it is easy same vision with others company. Therefore, PepsiCo should be more specific its vision statement and make the vision statement more memorable for people. From my opinion, the current vision statement of PepsiCo is good but I would like to overcome the shortcomings appear in PepsiCo vision statement. So, new vision statement will be as below: PepsiCos is underscoring  commitment a truthful desire for product quality and safety from materials, beverage mixing to bottling, and receive excellent services from our employee. Plus, responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate and creating a better tomorrow than today. Our mission is maximum our shareholders wealth and focus on environmental stewardship and activities to benefit society by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company. Evaluation of mission statement A mission statement is the current business activities or proposes what we are and what we do. From the mission statement of PepsiCo, I would like to use evaluation matrix to analysis and provides a new description to the PepsiCo. The components use to analysis include customers, products/services, markets, concern for survival, growth and profitability, technology, philosophy, self-concept, concern for public image and concern for employees. The customer component is about the target customer of the company. From the current description of PepsiCo is does not mention about the customer. So, I suggest a new description that PepsiCo should concern, maintain loyalty and listen to customer in the mission statement. Product and services component is about the firms major product and services provides to customer. From the mission statement, PepsiCo is offer convenient foods and beverages to the customer. For example product of PepsiCo offer is Quaker Oats, CapN Crunch cereal, Aunt Jemima syrup, and Tropicana juice. Although there is description in the current mission statement, but I would like to give my recommendation to make PepsiCo mission statement become better by develop a new product line. For example, PepsiCo can develop a new product line Pepsi Green mix with herb and position PepsiCo is an environment friendly company. Market component is about geographically and the places the firm compete. From the current description of PepsiCo is wanted to be the worlds premier consumer Products Company and serve in globally. For the new description, I would suggest PepsiCo increase more vending machine at bus station, train station, or cinema to make customer able to purchase at anywhere and anytime. Concern for survival, growth, and profitability component is about is the firm financial soundness and committed to growth. From the current description of PepsiCo is produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth. For new description, PepsiCo is need for knowledge, producing and distributing valuable information in a way that benefits the customer and employee to serve the global market. Technology component is about the firm technologically current. From the current description of PepsiCo is does not mention about the technology. Therefore, for the new description PepsiCo should spend money to do more research and development and using machines to reduce the production cost and time. Philosophy component is about the beliefs, basic, aspirations, values, and ethical priorities of the firm. From the current description of PepsiCo is striving for honesty, fairness and integrity. For the new description, PepsiCo can share and caring where the people give their time, knowledge, and experience. Besides that, it also empowered people which mean that having a freedom to think in ways and get the job done, while following to processes that ensure management and being mindful of company needs. Self-concept component is about the firms major competitive advantages or distinctive competence. From the current description of PepsiCo is does not mention about the self-concept. However, I would like to recommend PepsiCo to create a competitive advantage strategic. For example, Pepsi can use marketing mix such as product, price, packaging, and distribution to differentiate itself with other company product. And also can excellent customer services to the customer such as delivery product on time. Concern for public image component is about the firm responsive to social, community, and environmental concerns. From the current description of PepsiCo is not appearing in the mission statement. Therefore, the new description for PepsiCo should contribute to the economic strength of society and responsibility of CSR. For example, PepsiCo is fully committed to protecting the earths natural resources through innovation and the efficient use of land, water, energy and packaging in the operations. Concern for employee component is about the employee is valuable asset of the firm. From the current description of PepsiCo is enrichment to the employees, but I would like to enhance it to become better by provides reward and training to the employee. Once the reward system is set up, the employee is put more effect to doing their job and send employee to training it provides an opportunities for growth of business. Following new description, I would like to modifications to the current mission statement to be a new mission statement as below: Our mission is to be the worlds leading consumer Products Company and selling beverages and foods in anytime and anywhere. We serve with high innovation technology to produce new food according customer needs and sending staffs to training for provides high quality of services to sustain customer loyalty. Also, we are responsibilities in CSR, empowered people, and opportunities for growth to maximize shareholder wealth. Conclusion As a business analyst of PepsiCo, I had analysed the vision statement and mission statement of PepsiCo by different component and evaluate matrix. Hence, I had recommended modifications and enhancement to the current vision statement and mission statement. With the new vision statement and new mission statement that has been enchanted will easier to understand and memorable by people. Lastly, by develop a new vision and mission statement, PepsiCo can create a better future and one more step forward be a truly sustainable company.

Ionic

Define and describe ionic and covalent bonds. An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. A covalent bond is the chemical bond that involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. A compound is made when two or more atoms form a chemical bond, linking them together. The two types of bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound together by the attraction between oppositely charged ions. If the electron is shared equally between the atoms forming a covalent bond, then the bond is said to be nonpolar.An electron is more attracted to one atom than to another which forming a polar covalent bond. Ionic bonds are formed between a cation and an anion. Pure ionic bonding cannot exist: all ionic compounds have some degree of covalent bonding. An ionic bond is considered a bond where the ionic character is greater than the covalent character. The larger the difference in ele ctronegativity between the two atoms involved in the bond, the more ionic the bond is. Bonds with partially ionic and partially covalent character are called polar covalent bonds. Ionic bonding is a form of no covalent bonding.Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in solution, but not as a solid. They generally have a high melting point and tend to be soluble in water. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding. For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration. Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interaction, including ? -bonding, ? -bonding, metal-to-metal bonding, agnostic interactions, and three-center two-electron bonds.The term covalent bond dates from 1939. The prefix co- means jointly, associated in action, partnered to a lesser degree in essence, means that the atoms sh are valence. Molecule H2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding. Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electronegativity. Covalent bonding does not necessarily require the two atoms be of the same elements, only that they are of comparable electronegativity. Although covalent bonding entails sharing of electrons, it is not necessarily delocalized.

Definition of love Essay

Is there a specific and accurate definition of love? The true meaning of love is very difficult to find for adults. Do adolescents mature enough to manage love? It is too complex to define love in one word. Even though adolescents are physically matured like adults, they still need to develop mentally because they are still insecure. Teenagers are like thin glass cups; their appearance and mind seem clean and transparent, but they are delicate and can be broken easily.. I have observed closely from SAT preparation academy called Honors Review Learning Center in Tenafly, New Jersey. I was in 10th grade geometry class and pre-calculus class to survey, and I also tutor students for extra help. With these I was able to gather that there were seven to eight students in a class room, but they were mostly Asians. There was only one white boy in that class, this was because of the low population of this town; Tenafly has large population of Korean. When I observed geometry class, I was not able to ask questions from each and every one of them, but I noticed that boys tend to seat with boys while girls seat close to one another. They are all from same high school, so during the break time, they will gather and hang out together in a classroom. However, in Pre-calculus class, students are from different school, so they seat together without forming any groups or clique. They tend to do things separately even during the break time, like talking on the cell phone, texting with friends, or doing their works. However, after few days, students get to know one another and they started to seat by genders again. Having noted all this, I decided to focus my observation on gender of adolescents. After two hours of class, I tutored Jason Moon for extra help. I explained the materials that he did not understand in class. Although, I attended this academy during my high school year, it was only for private tutoring. However, the tradition of intense focus on secondary school education continues to be strong and seems to endure more, than my high school years. Jason is fifteen years old and he is a student of Tenafly High school. Jason’s parent work together, therefore he has to remain in this academy until his mother is done with her job. However, after two hours of class, Jason seems to lose concentration when he studies with me, so we spend more time talking to each other than studying. Jason is an Asian American student, but his parents are both Asian Asians. When I told him that I attended New York University, he was more interested in parties and girls in the city, instead of the college life in the city. He has very outspoken personality and likes hanging out with friends. He told me he is in a relationship with two girls, although both relationships are not a serious type. However, one of the girls wants him to be committed. Then, I asked if he had had any sexual relationship with any of them, but he said no. The girl was not born in the United States; she came from Korea several years ago. So, I tried to enlighten him that there are cultural differences in dating. I also told him that Asian women devote themselves to their boyfriends or husbands, and they very serious about commitment issues. However, in America, dating tends to be much less formal. Adolescent boys and girls still go together to events, and they spent more time together informally. The second girl that Jason was dating was born in the United States. She tends to date less formerly than the other girl, so, she does not want to commit herself to Jason. American adolescents begin dating earlier today than before, and their dating behavior tends to follow a sequence. First, same gender looks for place where they can meet other groups of different gender, mixed gender group arranged to go to the same events together, and adolescent couples begin to date as pairs. It has also been noted that biological maturity has slight effects on the timing of dating for different individual. Adolescents date for recreation, companionship, intimacy and courtship, but these reasons change along with people’s age. As emerging adulthood, people tend to seek something different apart from their romantic partners. However, dating is usually and generally related to positive development of adolescents. Robert J. Sternberg, a cognitive psychologist, stated that three fundamental qualities of love are passion, intimacy, and commitment. These can be merged into seven different forms of love, which are liking, infatuation, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love, and consummate love. Jason’s relationship with the Asian American girl does not have long term commitment, which means that there are two principal types of love being practice by Jason; infatuation and empty love. However, the first girl was looking for romantic love and companionate love. Feelings of passion appear to be virtually universal characteristic of adolescents’ love, and romantic love is more based on marriage, which is the characteristics of adults, but it is also related to cultural differences of dating behaviors. Jason told me that he feels more comfortable dating the Asian American girl than the other girl. People of all ages tend to have romantic relationships with people who are similar to them. I inquired from Jason if he feels comfortable talking about their sexual relationship, and he told me, he has not have any sexual relationships with of them yet, but he told me that he has practice other sexual behaviors, but not the sexual intercourse. Kissing and necking are the first sexual experiences most adolescents have with their sexual partner. The next sequential step would be petting. Therefore, dating and having sexual relationships would vary based on cultural differences. First, sexual intercourse has shown distinct ethnic differences. Recently, it has been noted that African American adolescents are more likely to move quickly to intercourse while Asian Americans are less likely to engage in sexual activity in their adolescences. It would be more accurate and effective if I was able to ask these kinds of questions from girls, but teenagers seem more comfortable discussing these kinds of information to someone of their gender and age group. I was born in Korea and lived in Korea for more than 15 years; this makes me more conservative about dating and sexual behavior than American students. In South Korea, boys and girls tend to separate themselves more than teenagers in the United States. Basic concepts of having relationship vary from culture to culture. Dating is even less formal in European societies, and also in non-western societies dating is fairly rare. In the United States, hugging and kissing is very common for greeting, but in Korea, the friendliest way of greeting other people is shaking hands. I was extremely surprised when I first came to America; I saw how they were very open-minded in terms of greeting others. Woman sitting on man’s lap in public is easily seen in America, but in Korea or any other Asian countries this is extremely rare. Moreover, the meaning of dating and having relationship varies in different cultures, but due to the development of technology, such as internet and media, the spread of American and European cultures of dating is fast spreading to Asia. Asian people today have become more aggressive and open-minded. There are three types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality: these are restrictive, semi restrictive, and permissive. American majority culture is probably best classified as semi restrictive. However this is shaded with ambivalence. For instance, the spread of internet had caused teenagers to adapt pornography earlier than before. Spreading of internet and media helps people to live better and comfortable lives, but it can also cause other teenage problems, such as teenage pregnancy and date rape. Sexual harassment includes mild harassment like name-calling, jokes, while severe harassment involves unwanted touching or sexual contact. Rates of sexual harassment in adolescence are strikingly high and it is often the continuation of patterns of bullying established before adolescence. In addition, females are more likely to be the victims while males are the harassers. Date rape takes place when a person is forced by a romantic partner, date, or has sexual intercourse against the partner’s will. Although there are no such occurrences of these inappropriate sexual conceptions in my observational place, however, it is more common in urban areas. Dating and relationship is constantly or more rapidly changing over time, not only from cultural differences, but also from advancement in technology. However, it is almost impossible to stop those two components. Based on my observation and my personal experience, the best way to lead the teenagers in right and appropriate manners is keep them active, make them do lots of healthy and productive activities. Also, by opening up this kind of conversation in the public, it will reduce teenage pregnancy and date rape. Forcing them and keeping them in-door might help at the initial stage, but it will cause even more terrible situations. If we know that our children will eventually date and have sexual relationship with someone, it would be better to teach them how to have a responsible relationship and safe sex before hand. This will reduce the teenage and unwanted pregnancy in our society. Therefore, we should come up with how to create more interesting and entertaining sex education to enlighten our teenagers in public.

The Use of Drugs in Cypriot Higher Education

The Use of Drugs in Cypriot Higher Education Free Online Research Papers With the spreading of globalization peoples views of drugs are changing. Various countries are adopting these new circumstances and making policy changes accordingly. This is not the case for Cyprus, as Cyprus has one of the strictest anti drug policies in Europe. Is this called for? Is the exploitation and use of drugs in Cyprus really such a big problem? Motivation Various countries legalizing or relaxing laws surrounding the use of certain illicit substances leads us to believe that Cyprus’s strict anti-drug policy is out of date. Past generations believe in the stereotype that all drugs fall into one category. This category being that all drugs are dangerous and that their use will in turn lead to a life of crime feeding your addiction, and will eventually lead to death. The above view is usually arrived at due to the lack of education and information about drugs. Older people are often overly influenced by the media and overzealous politicians trying to avoid addressing real social and economic problems. People must be educated about the real dilemma in hand. We must look at the main problem here; the majority of illegal drugs use is harmless and merely recreational. The cause of problematic and hazardous drug use is typically the result of poverty and hopelessness within society. These are the core problems in this situation. Only by addressing these problems will the number of problematic drug users be reduced. The way forward is not by banning all drug use; the increased use of drugs over time proves that prohibition does not work. Why then do law makers continue to uphold anti-drug laws and legislation? Our motivation for this research is to prove that the use of soft drugs is widespread and that their negative effects are very limited. Furthermore we must point out that many other substances such as alcohol and cigarettes are a lot more hazardous and damaging to society then soft drugs in many situations. The inspiration of this research is not to advocate the use of soft drugs, or any drugs for that matter but to instead to educate the general public about certain aspects of drug use. Problem. The lack of the public’s knowledge on the issue of drug use in Cyprus, Particularly among younger generations and within higher education. Furthermore the unnecessarily strict laws and punishments, given out to the users of soft, illicit substances such as Marijuana, in Cyprus. Objective. The overall objective of this research is to inform people about the widespread use of soft drugs. This will be done by looking at the number of students attending Intercollege that have used illegal substances in the past. The type of substance they have used. How often they use the substance if they still do, and whether the use of these substances has a positive, negative or neutral effect on them. Research plan. Literature information will be based on a mixture of both primary and secondary sources. Many previous survey findings on issues of drug use were taken into consideration in the formation of the literature review. To add a variety of reports, government publications and other articles played a key role in the formation of the main body. A wide variety of sources most be used so as to maintain precision in literature findings. Research was conducted using a quantitative method. The grounds for the usage of this method are based on our perception that accuracy would me attained to a greater extent with a large survey sample. Thus large survey sample can only be achieved using a quantitative method. Regarding the research method a survey will be used. This as stated above is to allow for a sizeable population to be taken into consideration when conducting our research. Furthermore a survey’s structured collection of data will allow for an easy comparison between data collected and the literature review. The most appropriate form of research technique is that of a questionnaire. By using this method all people will be asked to answer a fixed set of questions in a well prepared sequence. Again this emphasizes the opportunity for comparability. Furthermore in a taboo subject such as that of drugs the sample will be able to remain anonymous and avoid the feeling of awkwardness. As a result accurate results will be achieved. Due to time constraints and the impracticality of researching the whole population, a sample will be taken. The sample method used will be convenience sampling. This method allows for the easy access and availability of a sample population and will be conducted by selecting students through ought the college at random. Within the college everyone has the same probability of being selected thus a picture reflecting the whole will be painted. Due to the time constraint and the narrow scope of the research, we believe a convenience sample will be sufficient. Furthermore due to the topic of the research, face to face research methods such as focus groups and interviews may not be appropriate. Due to sampling error a sample will almost never be completely representative of the population as a whole. This is the case in our research; this problem cannot be overlooked and must be taken into consideration when analyzing results. What’s more due to the time constraint in preparing this paper various other research methods cannot be used, for example participant observation, etc. Literature Review. By drugs we do no refer to legal substances such as alcohol and cigarettes, instead we refer to all illicit substances that are prohibited by law. The last few years the number of drug users (soft and hard) has increased dramatically especially among younger ages. Of course this phenomenon does not occur only in Cyprus, but in a small society like that of Cyprus’s the after-effects are something more than noticeable. All the tables that they are going to discuss below are official statistical records obtained from the Cypriot police force. According to the following tables during the last 9 years there has been a stable increase in the incidents that have to do with drugs. Despite the prohibition, drugs are spreading rapidly from year to year. It also obvious that a great number of the persons involve in drug cases are foreigners. This fact indicates that the mass entry of people from abroad either these are students or people who come here to work or to live permanently, have created dramatic changes concerning drug use. The entry of Cyprus into the European Union and the opening of the boarders with the occupied areas of Northern Cyprus are also considered important factors for the increase in drug related cases. TABLE 1. Moving on, we consider our research as a good way in order to enter deeper into our aim which is to find out about drug use in higher education and to clarify all the substances used in Cyprus. The most commonly used drugs are: cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, heroine, and morphine. Other kinds of drugs have started entering the market like LSD. Some of them are considered to be soft drugs and do not cause serious damage to the user; like marijuana which is the most common drug that it is used in Cyprus. Some others like cocaine and heroine are considered hard drugs and belong to the category that may cause serious dangers for the health of the user. A key figure that we will clarify further is the scene behind the use of drugs in higher education, as shown in the table that follows. The most important conclusion coming out of this table is that in 2005 the greater amounts of people that make use of drugs are between the ages of 20 to 29. People of that age are usually students that are performing their studies from the first degree (bachelor) to the highest level (Masters, PhD, etc). What we must emphasize is the decrease in the number of users after those at that age group. Again, the foreigner’s involvement in drug cases are in many times more than half, in comparison to Cypriots. TABLE 2. Evidently, the tables shown above are of great importance and have given us a clear picture of how the situation is in Cyprus. The main issue arising from the tables shown above are the increased trend for drugs the last few years. Consequently, we can proceed further and develop some thoughts regarding our topic which concerns people of younger age and specifically drugs in higher education. The most frustrating factor is that these people receive education from the very early stages of their life. They are taught to avoid drugs but instead of avoid them, many of students fall into the trap. Of course, the uses of soft drugs like marijuana are not immensely dangerous or harmful to health as long as they are not abused and used frequently. Whats more cigarettes are proven to be more harmful than marijuana and are widely used, the same goes for alcohol. Additionally, the number of males and females involved in drug cases will give to us a direction in order to acquire a more clear view of the situation. From the following table we can gain a large amount of info about the sex and nationality of those involved with drugs. Fortunately, on the one hand it seems that the involvement of Cypriot women in comparison to men cases are very limited but, if we compare the number of the cases of Cypriot females and foreign females we will observe that the disproportion is very clear. This fact implies that Cypriot females do not use drugs to the extent of foreign females. Unfortunately, on the other hand the involvement of men in drug cases is at high levels and as it is mentioned earlier the amount of males involved with drugs is increasing from year to year. TABLE 3. Evidently, the tables shown above are of great importance and have given us a clear picture of how the situation is in Cyprus. The main issue arising from the tables shown above are the increased trend for drugs the last few years. Reasons people start/use drugs: Through ought history humans, universally have made use of various psychoactive substances. Of around 4000 psychoactive substance yielding plants known today; around 60 have been constantly used somewhere in the world by humans. The earliest known use of drugs was the use of opium by the Sumerians around 5000 B.C. (sky.org/data/politiikka/drughist.html). Humans have used drugs for different reasons over time. In ancient times the use of drugs was more often for medicinal and ritual/ceremonial purposes rather than recreational exploitation as is the case today. Although some drugs are used today for medical purposes, the majority of illicit drugs do not have a function within society. The long term abuse of some substances often creates negative consequences. Why then is the use of illicit materials widespread. Arguments state that a differentiation should be made between the recreational use of drugs and the abuse of drugs. Recreational use of drugs can be defined as the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes, this usually takes place within a socializing environment. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use). The difference between recreational and abuse of drugs are not entirely clear, abuse of drugs is usually when excessive amounts are used and/or when a users mental or physical health begins to suffer, this can result or be the result of the dependence on a substance. As the above definitions imply there is a difference between drug use and drug abuse. Thus a differentiation must be made between the reasons why people use drugs and why they abuse drugs. Recreational use of illicit substances usually takes place within a social environment. The main cause for recreational use is simply down to experimentation and curiosity. People are driven by the urge to feel the high and sense of exhilaration that comes with the use of a drug (http://addiction.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Causes_of_Drug_Addiction). This form of use usually never leads to addiction, once their curiosity is satisfied they may never use drugs again. A second reason for recreational use is a result of peer pressure and trying to blend into ones social surroundings. Often in a situation where the majority of a social group are trying/using drugs someone may believe that it is necessary to do the same in order to blend in and feel a sense of belonging. Thirdly people may leisurely use drugs due to the widely held belief that they are harmless, this usually relates to softer drugs such as marijuana. Due to the widespread mediation of drug use in films, etc, people may believe that drug use is generally acceptable and harmless (http://www-health.concordia.ca/pdf/healthinfo/drugs.pdf). A final and also very important reason why people might use drugs is due to the easy access to them. Drugs have become widely available, not only in dark alley ways but in the workplace and even in schools, etc. We cannot eliminate the connection between recreational use and abuse of drugs. In many cases the trying of drugs leads to the person becoming addict and thus abusing drugs. This is most often the case for hard drugs such as Heroin. We must add here that although the above is sometimes the case, more often a problem already exists in the user to cause her/him to be more vulnerable to addiction, i.e. depression. Together with the link between recreational use and abuse there are numerous other reasons why people may abuse drugs: the most significant basis for drug abuse can be rooted to the shortfalls of society. These for example can be unemployment, lack of education, homelessness and many others. Governments don’t do enough to eliminate these problems. As a result people may feel a sense of hopelessness, despair and depression, thus leading to drugs as a means of escape. This very quickly turns into a vicious circle in which the user’s situation is made worse by their addiction but also worsens the situation of society by their negative contributions. Personal problems may also be a route of drug use; these may include family and relationship problems, school problems, stress, etc. Again people may become users for a means to escape reality. Another problem may be that of mental problems. Mentally ill people may use drugs as a means to disguise their disorder, for ex ample â€Å"depressed people frequently use drugs to escape their sad feelings and Schizophrenics find that some street drugs can control their hallucinations† (http://addiction.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Causes_of_Drug_Addiction). Finally we must add the argument that prolonged drug abuse is due to the lack of treatment and rehabilitation. Often those who are most likely to be users are those who do not have easy access to treatment (i.e. homeless) thus their problem goes unnoticed and untreated and their addiction prolonged. To conclude, looking at the above causes of drug abuse the most problematic users are not usually created by there own will but instead are influenced society as a whole. The main problem in hand is to deal with the shortfalls and problems of society to stop people abusing drugs. Furthermore recreational users very rarely become addicts without some other driving force behind their addiction. Thus harassment against these kinds of users should be relaxed. The outcomes of drug use: Amid the various outcomes of illicit substances; again a differentiation must be made between drug addicts and recreational users. To the average recreational user the outcomes are minimal compared to an addict. If they are truly a recreational user the worst situation would be a run in with the law and/or temporary sickness. This in most circumstances is only in the short run and as for the law it usually only results in a warning or fine. Although a recreational user also runs the risk of becoming addicted and thus becoming an abusive user. Abusers and addicts suffer worse consequences, as are the following. Firstly and most obvious are the effects to the users health. This all depends on the substance in question, for example users of hard drugs such as Heroin are at a much greater risk of death then say a cannabis addict. In fact for the case of heroin users â€Å"recent informal estimates are that perhaps 200,000 drug-injecting-related deaths may occur per annum based on the estimated size of the current world population of injecting drug abusers of approximately 5.3 million†. (unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf). The prolonged use of an illicit substance frequently causes the user to become more resistant and thus need a greater hit to obtain a high. This in turn creates a much greater risk of an overdose. Since the subject area of prolonged drug abuse is vast and it’s leading to health problems and often death is universally recognised and proven, we will not go into the subject in much depth. Simply here I would like to add that the most common, lon g run drug related problems are those of heart, lung and brain damage. These problems also include users of cigarettes and alcohol. In the year 2004 Cyprus reported a total of 14 drug related deaths on its shores. A second effect which may occur to a drug user, as mentioned in the first paragraph, is conflict with the law. Despite prohibition of the majority of drugs, law offences linked to the possession and dealing of drugs are on the up. In Cyprus statistics show that drug law offences have increased from 442 in 2002, to 475 in 2003, to 515 in 2004. Of these offences 68.3% relate to the possession of illicit substances while 31.7% relate to dealing or trafficking. Furthermore the fact that in the year 2004 65.5% of drug related crimes were cannabis related and thus may be classed as softer drug relate offences. (http://stats06.emcdda.europa.eu/en/elements/dlotab01a-en.html). It is helpful to point out that if cannabis related offences were eliminated the total number of drug related offences would be dramatically reduced. Furthermore the systematic increase in drug use of the past three years proves that prohibition does not entirely work since people are not deterred from using illici t substances. A third negative effect of illicit materials is the negative impact it may have on education. Since using education is probably the best method known to educate people about the potential hazards of drug abuse and lead them away from the risks of trying drugs. It is particularly important to protect the schooling system and conserve education for all. The results of educating people about the perils of drug use may not be so visible in the short run but show their value in the long run. This may be one of the reasons why education as a method of drug prevention is often overlooked and sacrificed for other more immediate but less efficient methods, such as the illegalizing of drugs. There are various effects that may be relevant to the educational process. For example: â€Å"Use of cannabis may result in preoccupation with the immediate present, an impairment of short-term memory and other mental functions, impaired tracking ability in sensory and perceptual functions, adverse e motional and social development of children and adolescents, and impaired classroom performance.† Furthermore â€Å"drugs can decrease cognitive operations, making it difficult for the youth to develop a functional set of values and ideals. Reduced cognitive efficiency also leads to poor academic performance and a resulting decrease in self-esteem, contributing to instability of the individuals sense of identity† (unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf). Thus various negative effects may take place during any stage of education as a result of drug exploitation. A final negative effect must be pointed out. This is the consequence of drugs on a person’s employment. This takes place after education but is equally as important since with work suffering many worse consequences may be produced. The most common work related problems include â€Å"impaired performance, absence from work, disciplinary problems, Intoxication at work and dismissal† (unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf). The above problem must be assessed since a great deal of productivity is lost through them and also longer term outcomes are a lot more critical. For example the long term effects an employment related drug problem may have, in the long run, on a family, etc. Hypothesis: H1: We hypothesize that drug use among students is widespread especially the use of soft drugs. Furthermore, drug use is more frequent among males from the ages of 20-29 years of age. H2: environmental factors and social situations play a substantial role in the use and abuse of drugs. H3: Prolonged drug use and addiction are universally believed to lead to negative consequences. Comparison Between Hypothesis and Empirical Findings: After conducting a survey the results obtained coincide to quite a great extent with the literature review and our four hypotheses. Fifty questionnaires were given out randomly among students of intercollege. The results support the hypotheses as follows: Hypothesis 1: As the table below shows; out of our sample, 46% of students have tried or use drugs, thus this shows and supports our hypotheses (1) that drug use is widespread among students of the college. Despite the relatively high amount of drug users within the college, only 31% of the sample stated that they still currently use drugs. Furthermore only 9% saying they use drugs on a daily basis, 18% weekly and 9% on a monthly. Out of the 46% of students that have used drugs, 82% were male students while merely 18% were female. Out of the research findings, we observe that males are more likely to use or try drugs. The range of age covered by the questionnaire was touching the youngest age that people tend to start studying (17), and the age that most of the people finish their studies (29+). The main question was; when they first try/use drugs? The results were as follows: 40% during college, 31% during school years and 29% other most of which specified during the army. Taking into consideration the 54% that have not use/try drugs, when asked about what age they believe that people tends to try/use drugs, 69 % responded during school years and 27% at college. Having in mind the hypothesis (1) the main quantity of people who tried or make use of drugs, tend to make more use of the so called soft drugs. Marijuana receives the highest mark with 100% of our sample drug users having used or tried it. Followed by ecstasy with 14% and scarily enough cocaine with 14 %. Consequently our hypothesis (1) is correct. A major number of people who have at least once use/try a soft drug like marijuana was during the college times. This fact implies that all people who make use of drugs have full sense of what they do because they are old enough to think and taking care of themselves. Hypothesis 2: As seen in the literature there are many reasons why people either try or use drugs. Again here the findings from our survey support Hypotheses (2) to a great extent. Referring to the data already mentioned 31% of drug users took drugs for the first time during school, 40% during college and 29% in other circumstances, mainly in the army for the case of Cypriot males. Thus this plays a role in showing that drug use is affected by social surroundings. When asked where they tried drugs, most students (91%) stated this was done with friends. No answers (0%) were received for using drugs while clubbing and being alone, while 9% stated other situations for first time drug use. Thus the above proves that social factors play a large role on people trying drugs with the vast majority trying drugs with friends. We may also add that the wide use of marijuana (100% of drug users), and marijuana being one of the least harmful drug shows that people may use it as a recreational drug that gives opportunities for socializing. When people were asked why they tried drugs the following answers were given: 46% replied out of curiosity, 18% during socializing, 14% due to personal problems, and 22% because of other reasons. Despite the fact that the majority of people stated drug use was out of curiosity (46%) and only 18% during socializing. The fact that as much as 91% of people tried drugs with friends again proves that â€Å"curiosity Trying† was again done with friends and thus was done with friends. When asking non users why people tried drugs the majority (41%) answered during socializing and 32% because of curiosity. Therefore this also stresses social pressures. Another point to make here is that 82% of students stated that they obtained drugs from their friends, with only 22% ob taining from dealers. Thus emphasizing social interaction further. To conclude this Hypothesis we must add that 82% of people that have tried drugs believe that; the trying of a drug will not lead to an addiction. This again shows that most people are simply recreational users influenced by their social setting and numbers of people that believe usage of drugs will lead to an addiction are limited. I thus conclude that are findings support this hypotheses. Hypothesis 3: As stated above the majority of those who have tried drugs believe that the chances of an addiction developing are very limited (82%). Thus as the assertion of hypotheses (3), the chances of â€Å"prolonged drug use† are limited. Nevertheless various interesting findings can be found in our research about the effects of drugs. When people that have tried/used drugs were asked how drugs affected them 45% stated that drugs affected them positively, only 14% negatively and the remaining 41% stated they were not affected by their use of drugs. The above contradicts with the following findings in which people were asked how drug use affected society. Only 9% stated that society was affected positively, 69% stated society was affected negatively and 22% stated there was no affect on society. The above contradiction about negative affects on the user compared to society may be a result of lack of education or the belief of the user that they are always in control. When asking similar questions to non drug users 96% answered that drug use is a problem within society and affects society negatively. When drug users were asked if drug use affected their education 71% of users stated that there was no effect on their education while only 29% believed that there was. This again refers to the above conflict. When asked whether drug use would cause a greater risk of committing a crime 71% replied that it wouldn’t compared to 29% stating that it would. Non drug users expressed a different opinion with 73% stating that drug use would create a bigger chance of you committing a crime. In addition when asked about matters concerning health 55% of drug users stated that their drug use had no affect on their health, 31% stated it affected them negatively and 14% stated it affected them positively. Again this conflicts with non drug users who 92.3% believe that the use of drugs affects your health negatively. To conclude when drug users were asked whether they would carry on using drugs 29% replied yes, 31% no and 40% didn’t know. Thus this shows the picture about the negative/positive impact of drugs is not entirely clear. The view of non users is a lot more negative than the view of those who have tried or use drugs. It is also interesting to point out here that 54% of non users believe the punishment of drug users is justified compared to 18% of drug users. Hence Hypotheses 3 is not entirely clear with a difference in opinion between those who have never tried drugs and those who have. Recommendations and Conclusions: To conclude a lot of interesting information has been gained through this survey on the drug habits of students. Due to the subject being a taboo the relative validity of results may be affected. Despite this, we believe that the fact results remained constant (to a great extent) through ought the survey, thus the results are reasonably dependable. It was very interesting to compare the results between non users and users in the college and quite a large contrast was observed. Due to the fact that very few problematic users were observed and that the majority were merely recreational users. That the problem is minimal, thus recommendations on our part would concentrate more on education about drugs at younger ages (school) and the possible targeting of less privileged people were we believe a greater problem lies. References. 1. sky.org/data/politiikka/drughist.html This is a history of drug use/prohibition based on the Appendix of Ceremonial Chemistry by Thomas Szasz. The book is published by Doubleday/Anchor Garden City, New York, 1975. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use recreational drug use by Wikipedia. 3. http://addiction.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Causes_of_Drug_Addiction causes of drug addiction Amy Hoover 2006. 4. http://www-health.concordia.ca/pdf/healthinfo/drugs.pdf The university student guide to drugs. 5. unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf the social impact of drug abuse – prepared by UNDCP – 1995. 6. police.gov.cy/police/police.nsf/dmlstatisticalArchive_en?OpenFormStart=1Count=1000Expand=3.1Seq=2 Drug statistical data obtained from the official Cypriot police website. Drug use within the higher educational setting. NOTE: 1. For those who have tried or used any kind of drugs please complete the left column of questions. 2. For those who have never tried or used any form of drug please answer the questions in the right column. Please confirm your gender: A. female B. male Please confirm your age: A. 17-20 B. 21-24 C. 25-28 D. 29+ 1. At what stage did you first try drugs? A. During school years B. College/university C. Other 2. When was the last time you used drugs? A. Over the past week B. Over the past month C. Past year D. More than a year 3. Do you currently use drugs? A. yes B. No 4. If so how often do you use drugs? A. daily B. weekly C. monthly D. other 5. What kind of drug have you used/tried? More than one answer can be given. A. marijuana B. ecstasy C. cocaine D. other 6. Why did you try/use drugs? A. out of curiosity B. during socializing C. personal problems D. other 7. Where did you try drugs? A. with friends B. clubbing C. alone D. other 8. Were did you find the drugs? A. friends B. dealers C. growing for your own use D. other 9. How do drugs affect you? A. Positively B. Negatively C. Neutrally 10. How do drugs affect society? A. Positively B. Negatively C. Have no affect on society 11. Do you believe drug use is a problem within society? A. Yes B. No 12. Do drugs affect your education? A. Yes B. No 13. Does the use of drugs make you more likely to commit crime? A. Yes B. No 14. How does drug use affect your health? A. Positively B. Negatively C. Makes no difference 15. Will you carry on using drugs? A. Yes B. No C. Don’t know 16. Do you believe the trying of a drug would lead to addiction to it? A. yes B. No 17. Do you believe the punishment of soft drug users by the law is justified? A. Yes B. NO 1. Would you ever try or use drugs? A. yes B. NO C. Maybe 2. At what age do you believe people try or start to use drugs? A. During school years B. College/University C. Other 3. Which of the following do you most class as a problematic drug user? A. Someone who has tried drugs B. A monthly user C. A weekly user D. A daily user 4. Why do people try drugs? A. out of curiosity B. during socializing C. personal problems D. other 5. Are drugs easily available A. yes B. No 6. In your opinion what percentage (%) of the population have tried or used drugs? A. 0-10% B. 10-20% C. 30-40% D. 40-50% E. 50% + 7. In your opinion what percentage of the population currently uses drugs? A. 0-10% B. 10-20% C. 30-40% D. 40-50% E. 50% + 8. Have drugs affected you in any way? A. Yes B. No 9. If so how did drugs affect you? A. Positively B. Negatively C. Have not affected me 10. Do you believe drug use is a problem within society? A. yes B. No 11. How do drugs affect society? A. Positively B. Negatively C. Have no affect on society 12. Do drugs affect your education? A. Yes B. No 13. Does the use of drugs make you more likely to commit crime? A. Yes B. No 14. How does drug use affect your health? A. Positively B. Negatively C. Makes no difference 15. Do you believe the trying of a drug would lead to addiction to it? A. Yes B. NO 16. Do you believe the punishment of drug users is justified? A. Yes B. No Interesting Findings from our Research: 46% of our sample had previously tried drugs while 54% hadn’t. 81% of non drug users stated that they would never use drugs. 69% of non users shared the opinion that drug use starts during school years while only 31% of drug users stated they first tried drugs during school years. 31% of people that have tried drugs currently use drugs. Marijuana is the drug of choice with 100% usage rate by people that have tried/use drugs. No-one (0%) of our sample admitted to trying/using drugs alone. 12% of non drugs users class someone who has tried drugs as a problematic drug user. 96% of non drug users believe drugs are easily available. 30% of non drug users believe that more than 50% of the population has tried drugs. 23% of non drug users believe between 40-50% of the population currently use drugs. 58% of non users believe that by trying a drug you would become addicted to it. 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