Ifrs Adoption And Financial Comparability Accounting Essay

Globalization of monetary markets has implied an expanded point of convergence on worldwide models in bookkeeping and has heightened endeavors towards an individual arrangement of high caliber, all inclusive satisfactory arrangement of bookkeeping rules. Financial articulations arranged in various states blending to various arrangement of guidelines, mean army national arrangements of rules, each with its ain arrangement of finding out about a comparative managing, doing it difficult to look at, break down and decipher monetary explanations across states. A financial inclusion framework upheld by solid organization, top notch measures, and ardent regulative model is the way to monetary turn of events. For sure, stable financial inclusion standards underline the trust that speculators place in monetary inclusion data and in this manner play an of import work in loaning to the financial improvement of a state. Unnecessary to advert, universally acknowledged bookkeeping measures play a significant capacity in this full system. A moving toward monetary framework on universe monetary guide, India, too much, chose to meet to International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) . With the acknowledgment of IFRS by Indian houses, the looking at of two financial explanations gets simpler what's more hopes to follow in better nature of monetary inclusion because of reliable utilization of bookkeeping rules and improvement in constancy of financial articulations. Once more, one of the major pre-essentials of obtaining recorded on European markets is preparing of accounts according to IFRS requests. In the mean time, the proposed intermingling with IFRS is probably going to make significant difficulties to the bookkeeping designs in modern and financial areas. While controllers, standard typesetters and law shapers sit together to rollout the course map for execution of International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) in India, a wide region of the business is as of now discussing the effect and the execution d ifficulties of changing into IFRS.A A solitary and of import part of smooth section into IFRS is the intermingling of RBI rules with the principles set down in IFRS.A as it were, the effective acknowledgment of IFRS depends on flexibleness and worthiness of IFRS by RBI. Banks will hold to in the blink of an eye set to bookkeeping adjustments that are authorized by IFRS.A It is all around expected that IFRS acknowledgment worldwide will regard financial specialists and different clients of monetary proclamations, by cut bringing down the expenses of contrasting substitute investings and expanding the nature of data Companies are other than anticipated to benefit, as speculators will be all the more ready to flexibly subsidizing. Organizations that have high degrees of global exercises are among the gathering that would benefit from a change to IFRS. Organizations that are associated with remote exercises and puting advantage from the switch because of the expanded correlation of a set bookkeeping standard. Examination in financial proclamations is basic for speculators to pull reasonable choices about the near open introduction of substances. Anyway for a variety of grounds a substances financial explanations may non be as equivalent to its adversaries as preparers or clients would lean toward in the nearby term. Another way to uplift examination is to see dealing with the monetary articulations non only as a bookkeeping practicing however alongside a practicing in pass oning of import components that in actuality influence the year-to-year correlation of financial explanation informations. Selection of IFRS, the new planetary inclusion measures, would better examination, transparence and validity of monetary explanations and in a globalized universe, would take to more prominent financial efficiencies. Examination proposes that social contrasts cause representatives in various states to interpret and utilize bookkeeping standards in any case. Interpretation of IFRS into grouped phonetic interchanges represents another hazard to correlation. An It will be of import for transnational enterprises and planetary review houses to augment social cognizance readiness. This could benefit transnational companies and their listeners by doing them mindful of potential biases held by their worldwide staff and by associates in their universal workplaces, and by helping experts perceive their ain state ‘s social bookkeeping tendencies and better see how these qualities influence their ain readings and decisions. Most fundamentally, the underlying and on-going IFRS combination will affect announced total assets, accessible capital and capital sufficiency for Indian Bankss. Further, the finished guide for the assembly of Indian Accounting Standards with IFRS, as to banking organizations, requires all booked business Bankss to change over their initial monetary records as of April 1, 2013. RBI has other than underlined to Bankss that they have to pitch up to follow the new models. In this manner, there is ever an interest to hold an examination of the potential possibilities and difficulties for Bankss in India while meeting to IFRS. Ensuing to the decree of the proposition by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( ICAI ) to meet the Indian bookkeeping rules ( Indian GAAP ) with IFRS adequate April 1, 2011, there has been significant contention among the standard typesetters, controllers, corporate India and expert bookkeeping houses, on the guide to intermingling and its deductions. 2. Audit of LiteratureSince European Union was the first to follow IFRS over the Earth, the vast majority of the investigates have been completed on IFRS dissecting the data from part conditions of EU. Exploration laborers have given arranged assessments on the open assistance organization of acknowledgment of IFRSs over the Earth as an individual arrangement of inclusion rules. Existing writing underpins this situation of exploration laborers that acknowledgment of IFRS as individual arrangement of inclusion standards improves the nature of financial data what's more guarantees ideal misfortune affirmation. Immediately, following individual arrangement of monetary inclusion models carry numerous advantages to portraying substances, Investors, brokers and other invested individuals as in this time of global limits procuring killed, they will non hold to specify to depicting proclamations arranged on the balance of various inclusion standards. Blending to Epstein and A ; Jermakowicz, ( 2010 ) IASBaˆYs Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements expresses that the objective utilization of monetary articulations is to show the expansive extent of clients of these financial proclamations with data about the entityaˆYs monetary spot, open introduction and the changes in financial spot. This aides in better fiting the clients with increasingly fit monetary assurance formulating. Elliott B. and A ; Elliott J. , ( 2002 ) clarifies that stomach muscle initio, controlled financial explanations were required on state degree so as to ensure that all the organizations present their monetary proclamations in a comparative and steady way. Be that as it may, the walk with which globalization is taking topographic point, the interest for universally equivalent monetary examinations were brought frontward. In this way, so as to reduce the national contrasts and the distinctions in monetary inclusion, the global typesetters and controllers, for delineation, Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) and International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) have given bookkeeping models, for example, Generally Accepted Accounting Standards ( GAAP ) and International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , severally. Chorafas D. ( 2006 ) says that IFRS is considered by heading think-tanks as a phase dislodging in the general bookkeeping, accounting report place appraisals and financial inclusion procedures. Blending to Drury and Tayles ( 1997 ) there is an interest for additional top to bottom occurrence review to investigate the linkage between outside financial inclusion and course bookkeeping. This overview views the IFRS ‘ acknowledgment as an opportunity to build up the general arranging frameworks of an organization rather than a thin inclusion framework. Monetary bookkeeping and bearing bookkeeping are viewed as frameworks complimentary to one another. Gordon ( 2008 ) takes note of that the harmonization of monetary inclusion, which has prompted practically identical bookkeeping and financial data across states and organizations, keeps on sponsorship up and progress the worry itself. Blending to Soderstrom and Sun ( 2007 ) the deliberate acknowledgment of excellent bookkeeping standards - IFRS included-is found to hold a positive effect on bookkeeping quality. El-Gazzar et Al. ( 1999 ) area that houses embrace worldwide standards so as to spread out their gross incomes to remote markets, to accomplish more customers and to reduce down political expenses when spread excursion exercises into outside business sectors. These organizations see the advantages of utilizing the IFRS rising above the expenses of execution and in-use. Submissive and Thomas ( 2004 ) territory that the inclusion condition of an organization other than influences the pertinence of monetary inclusion, non the bookkeeping models altogether, for example the state where the organization works may hold an effect on the significance of the data. It is contended, that in any event, when utilizing the International Financial Reporting Standards, the monetary proclamation data may non be equivalent among various states because of social contrasts ( Scott 2009 ) . Fitting to Ball ( 2006 ) organizations may even go up against a competitory weakness from a wasteful monetary inclus ion hypothetical record. Especially, houses viing in planetary markets face turning power per unit region to utilize all inclusive acknowledged monetary inclusion models. Cai and Wong ( 2010 ) in their review of planetary capital markets summed up that the capital markets of the states that have received IFRS have higher evaluation of incorporating among them after their IFRS acknowledgment when contrasted with the period before the acknowledgment. Paananen and Lin ( 2009 ) gave an opposite situation to earlier r

Machine Elements in Mechanical Design free essay sample

Answers to Selectecj Problems Given here are the responses to issues for which there are exceptional arrangements. A large number of the issues for arrangement in this book are genuine structure issues, and individual plan choices are required to show up at the arrangements. Others are ofthe survey question structure tor which the appropriate responses bend in the content ofthe related part It ought to likewise be noticed that some ofthe issues require the choice ot configuration factors and the utilization of information from outlines and charts. As a result of the judgment and interjection required, some ofthe answers might be marginally not quite the same as your solutions.AISI 1080. 28. AISI 5160 OQT 1000 is a chromium steel, having ostensibly 0. 80 percent chromium and 0. 60 percent carbon, a high carbon amalgam steel. It has genuinely high quality and great malleability. It was through-solidified, extinguished in oil, and tempered at 1000Â °F. 29. Truly. with cautious specitlcadon ofthe extinguishing medium. A hardness of HRC 40 is equal to HB 375. We will compose a custom paper test on Machine Elements in Mechanical Design or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Addendum 3 shows that oil extinguishing would not deliver a satisfactory hardness. Nonetheless, Appendix 4-1 shows that a hardness of HB 400 could be acquired by extinguishing in water and hardening in 700Â °F while as yet having 207f extension for gciod pliability. 3. AISI 200 and 300 arrangement 34.A hardness of 750 HB is amazingly hard and normal for as-extinguished high combination prepares, 15. The HRB scale is ordinarily restricted to HRB 100. 16. The HRC hardness is ordinarily no lower than HRC 20. 17. The invigorated connection among hardness and pliable is just substantial for prepares. 18. Charpy and Izod 19. Iron and carbon. Manganese and different components are frequently present. 20. Iron, carbon, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum. 21. Around 0. 40 percent. 22. Low carbon: Less than 0. 30 percent

Essay Samples About Technology

Essay Samples About TechnologyWhen you go looking for essay samples about technology, you'll find many kinds of ideas and possibilities. It is not an easy task, however, to come up with a good one because of the diverse and very varied ideas that exist. If you want to be successful, the following points may help you achieve this.There are different kinds of technology available. Your essay samples about technology should help you write about the variety of technologies in existence. You should always include things such as technologies that are electronic or computer based and those that require gasoline. In addition, you should also show how different types of technological advancements have affected people's lives. Examples could include the improvements made on cell phones, computers, and other devices, and the innovation of the Internet.The aim of your essay samples about technology should be to attract readers to read it. Writing is an art and there are certain rules that apply to writing an essay. You can learn these from writing tutorials, from books that are written by experts, or you can take classes at a college. What is important is that you know what works and what doesn't when it comes to writing an essay. Since technology is in your essay samples about technology, the rules that apply in writing for essays will also apply to your essay.You should be aware of the different kinds of devices available in the market today. Consider the fact that some of them have advanced features and advanced capabilities. For example, you may be considering writing about a device that has built-in speakers and headphones. Some of them have touchscreens. You may also want to consider what kind of audio and video equipment is available in the market today.Essay samples about technology that presents its readers with a comparison between gadgets would really be interesting. One of the ways that you can do this is to make sure that the words you use to describe the gadg ets are descriptive and not vague. This will help you get into the minds of your readers and make it easier for them to remember what you have written.Technology, along with software, is changing rapidly. If you want to attract your readers, you should choose topics that are well-suited to your choice of technology. It is advisable to select topics that will let readers think about technology, including the topic of innovation.The content of your essay should also reflect the standards of writing that you learned in school. In other words, you should be aware of proper grammar and spelling rules in writing. To help you with this, check out your school's writing guidelines. These will help you improve your writing skills, as well as allow you to identify where you need improvement.Essay samples about technology should not be written haphazardly. You should have a clear idea of the things that you want to talk about. Make sure that your essay samples about technology is organized so t hat readers will easily understand what you have written.

Analysis Of Deborah Peagler s Case And Experience Of...

The intersection of race, class, and gender were all contributing factors in Deborah Peagler’s case and experience of physical abuse. Laws and rules were broken by the system causing extreme pain to both Deborah and her family. Race is a contributing factor especially when crime and the law are involved. Race plays a critical role in sentencing an individual and how much attention the individual will receive. Deborah Peagler was a black woman who was a victim of domestic violence and was incarcerated for the murder of her abuser. The district attorneys (DA) office nor the court or judge took into consideration that she was a battered woman looking for a way out. The DA’s office had evidence that would be instrumental in releasing and or giving Deborah a lesser sentence. They however never presented this information in court and prosecuted her with insufficient evidence. In the reading Defining Racism by Tatum (2008) I learned that the United States â€Å"system operate s to the advantage of whites and to the disadvantage of people of color†(p.7). Prejudice is what the system is basing their decisions off of. White people are in advantage because of their social status and the amount of influence or power they can have over someone. On the contrary people of color become easy targets because of their limited resources. They institutionalize people of color with and by racial policies that have been a key factor in discovering how Deborah had been incarcerated for a crime

Essay on Memory Builders - 1439 Words

Memory Builders When someone says Can I pick your brain for a minute, does it bother you that that may be as long as it takes? Losing ones memory is a common subject of humor as we age. Im just now realizing, however, that its more serious and scary than we may like to admit (or, if I realized it earlier, I forgot about it). My dad, at 85 and one of the sharpest minds I know, has said in moments of not-totally-tongue-in-cheek, If I ever lose my mind, shoot me. I like to obey my parents, but fortunately I cant remember where the gun is. Senility, dementia, Alzheimers disease, forgetfulness- unfortunately, by whatever name you give it, memory loss is no joke if you or a loved one is really worried about it and youre†¦show more content†¦Vascular problems from blood clots, aneurysms (causing blood to leak out of blood vessels), arteriosclerosis (causing blocked blood vessels), some forms of anemia, and various combinations can all be involved. Depression can play a big factor, as can just plain inattention. Medication can cause memory problems, sometimes severe. Metabolic, biological and/or endocrine dysfunction, such as thyroid or liver disease, electrolyte imbalance, infection, tumors, and nutritional disorders, including malabsorption, can all be involved. (Oh, I forgot to add trauma.) Also, chemical exposures may be involved, such as aluminum, mercury, alcohol, lead, etc. So, theres a lot to consider before just writing someone off to senile dementia, and thats a big reason why your doc should definitely be involved. Unfortunately, however, medical therapy for Alzheimers type of memory impairment (senile dementia) just a few years ago was limited to whats called the ergot alkaloids, specifically hydergine. This is a pretty innocuous drug that much of the medical profession thought (and thinks) to be basically useless (though Im not at all convinced for some individuals). More recently the FDA has approved the reversible cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept/Donepezil, Cognex/Tacrine, others). These are not as innocuous, theShow MoreRelated Learning Styles and the Brain1645 Words   |  7 Pageslook-up table in which individual instances are stored in memory. ...The lack of a specific goal means that subjects have no guidance as to how to search the instance space...therefore subjects may use exploration of rule space to direct their search....(5) Conversely, the generation, exploration and testing of hypotheses characterize rule space. Interestingly, it is also proposed tha t when presented with a dual learning goal, the individuals memory capacity is overloaded, thereby preventing rule learningRead MoreUse Of Psychology And Counseling Centre1467 Words   |  6 Pagesenumerated in the following report. To conclude, generation effect is a robust finding. Keywords: Generate Condition. Recall, Memory, Paired associate. Introduction The given report is an empirically based report. Generation effect is a phenomenon where information is better remembered if it is generated from one’s own mind than it is simply read. This includes comparing the memory for words that were created by the subjects themselves than those that were simply presented or read. This phenomenon wasRead MoreAssignment On The Function Of Computer Hardware Components3953 Words   |  16 Pagesspeed is measured in gigahertz (Ghz) and it’s the main thing that people look at it when buying a CPU. The more GHz and cores CPU has the more efficiently it will perform in your computer. The Cache memory is measured in MB. It is a faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations and saves to your small CPU storage which then allows you to access them a lot faster. The CPU or (Central processing unit) is one of the most important components of a computer systemRead MoreCop 3330 Object Oriented Programming. Daniel Gutierrez.1096 Words   |  5 Pagessame primitive data types, with the exception that C# uses the System namespace regarding those objects. In C# and Java, there is built-in garbage collection, it helps prevent memory leaks by removing objects that are no longer being used by the application. Basically, this means that, although memory leaks can occur, memory management is pretty much taken care for you. From an article that suggests that C# is an evolution of Java, I was able to gather evidence on the differences between them. â€Å"JavaRead MoreBuilding a Gaming Computer1125 Words   |  5 Pages Building a gaming computer may be an intimidating endeavour, but in all actuality with a little hard work anyone can be a whiz at putting together a gaming computer. Why build a custom gaming PC? Well it’ll save money, and give the builder a great experience. It’s always fun to learn how different things work. The price of a top of the line retail gaming computer runs from two thousand on up to five thousand dollars and beyond, a monitor alone could cost one thousand dollars. The two types of gamingRead MoreMy Past Internship Of Working With History Maker Homes As A Superintendent1527 Words   |  7 Pagesstayed on schedule. If a task was not marked as completed or assigned to a different work day, our office would get a notice and email us about the issue. It was quite the task when I first began my internship because I did not know the addresses by memory or the current progress of each house. After a few weeks, however, I was able to promptly submit the schedules on time on a daily basis. Energy and Environmental Awareness, and Sustainable Construction In regards to sustainable construction, principlesRead MoreThe Benefits Of HGH For Men1096 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsible for memory and learning. That is why HGH for males has been important whether they are trying to remember a detailed play for their next game or a tedious workout routine. It has also been known to help those with joint issues and brain damage both common in most male athletes especially football players. HGH plays a serious role in cell regeneration which will come in handy for the strenuous days where there is a lot of wear and tear on the cells. HGH for men body builders is importantRead MoreThe Federal Government Uses Two Major Financial Policies1700 Words   |  7 Pages but rather becomes wages to builders, revenue to suppliers, etc. The builders then will have more disposable income, and consumption may rise, so that aggregate demand will also rise†¦suppose further that recipients of the new spending by the builder in turn spend their new income, raising demand and possibly consumption further, and so on. The increase in the gross domestic product is the sum of the increases in net income of everyone affected. If the builder receives $1 million and pays outRead MoreThe Old Kingdom : A Time Of Political And Social Stability969 Words   |  4 Pagesavailability must in part explain the giant proportions of these surviving buildings. Although tradition long held that slaves built those giant funerary monuments to the kings, it now seems clear that an entire class of artisans, sculptors, and builders were responsible for them. That a culture could organize such mammoth undertaking and accomplish them with what appear to be the willing cooperation of it people emphasizes the unity of the social as a whole. Because the pharaoh was considered divineRead MoreTitanic1335 Words   |  6 PagesThe cream of industrial society, including colonel John Jacob Astor. Macys founder; U.S. congressman Isidor Straus and Thomas Andrews, the ships builder. The ship was built of easily sealed-off compartments. If, for some unimaginable reason, the hull were punctured, only the compartment actually ruptured would flood. In an worst case example - builders figured that the Titanic would take from one to three days to sink, time for nearby ships to help, because there was only 16 lifeboats. Unfortunately

Postpartum Depression Symptoms And Symptoms Essay

Introduction In the United States, as well as many other countries and cultures, postpartum depression is prevalent, but many times overlooked or not diagnosed. Postpartum depression is a â€Å"mood disorder that occurs with alarming frequency with documented prevalence of 10% to 15% during the first 3 months after delivery† (Horowitz, et. al, 2013, p. 287). Throughout hospitals, nurses are being educated about postpartum depression, which allows them to educate patients on what postpartum depression is and how to recognize the signs. If unrecognized and left untreated, women are at an increased risk of future depressive episodes and functional impairment (Katon et. al, 2014). There are many initiatives in place to increase the amount of screening and education that is occurring for postpartum depression. Evidence-Based Practice A nurse should recognize signs of postpartum depression, as well as opportunities to educate women and their family. Postpartum depression has numerous risk factors, as well as signs and symptoms. The nurse and patient should understand what postpartum depression is so they will be able to recognize risk factors, as well as signs and symptoms earlier. The National Guideline Clearinghouse provides â€Å"evidence-based practice guidelines that strongly support identification and screening for depressive symptoms in the postpartum period,† these screenings are both beneficial for the nurse and patient (Schaar, 2010, p.S37). The risk factors that are includedShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Postpartum Depression1430 Words   |  6 Pages(Piotrowski Benson, 2015). These are mild symptoms of depression and usually go away after two weeks. However, the symptoms of unspecified depressive disorder with peripartum onset also known as postpartum depressi on (PPD) can be more intense and last significantly longer. According to the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2013), postpartum depression occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery. Postpartum depression has symptoms that cause clinically significant distressRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms1134 Words   |  5 Pages Postpartum Depression Vanda Mallo Keiser University Postpartum Depression The birth of a baby can generate powerful emotions, from excitement and joy to fear and anxiety. But it can also result in something unexpected, depression. Postpartum depression affects approximately 10-15% of women and impairs mother-infant interactions that in turn are important for child development. Postpartum depression is sometimes mistaken for baby blues, but the signs and symptoms are more intenseRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms980 Words   |  4 PagesPostpartum Depression Screening Depression, a disorder of the brain, is known to be a common but serious illness that interferes with one’s life. Although MRI scans have shown a difference in the brain activity of individuals suffering depression, it cannot solely be used to diagnose depression. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) states that â€Å"with postpartum onset† to episode of depression with the onset being within 4 weeks of delivery of a neonateRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms773 Words   |  4 Pagesbirth of a baby leads to some complicated feelings that are unexpected. Up to 85% of postpartum woman experience a mild depression called â€Å"baby blues† (Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion, Alden, 2012). Though baby blues is hard on these mothers, another form of depression, postpartum depression, can be even more debilitating to postpartum woman. Postpartum depression affects about 15% (Lowdermilk et al., 2012) of postpar tum woman. This disorder is not only distressing to the mother but to the whole familyRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience symptoms of postpartum depression. There are three levels of postpartum depression: baby blues, postpartum depression, and psychosis. Symptoms include feelings of sadness, anxiety, hopelessness, fatigue, and a lack of motivation to do pleasurable things. For women with the second level, the disorder interferes with their ability to function. On the extreme end, psychosis, women experience confusion, hallucinations, paranoia, and thoughts of hurting themselves or their baby. Postpartum depressionRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay4061 Words   |  17 Pages1 Running head: POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION 7 POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION Possibility of Predicting Postpartum Depression Stephanie Vasiljevs Charter Oak State College Abstract Pregnant women will be investigated to see if postpartum depression can be predicted and possibly prevented. The investigation will examine postpartum case histories, and academic journal articles, and secondary sources such as, text books and websites. Through this investigation, woman can find out triggers toRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatment1700 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Postpartum Depression Leads to Psychosis According to authors Susan Dowd Stone and Alexis E. Menken postpartum depression can start during pregnancy which is called perinatal disorder (2008). During pregnancy, women can suffer through mood disorders which are a leading cause of postpartum depression. Women who are screened and diagnosed for depression are most likely to have postpartum depression. Doctors know to keep a close watch on these women who are found positive for depression. AfterRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatments1518 Words   |  7 Pages2015). These are mild symptoms of depression and usually go away within two weeks after giving birth. However, the symptoms of unspecified depressive disorder with peripartum onset also known as postpartum depression (PPD) can be more intense and last significantly longer than the â€Å"baby blues.† According to the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2013), postpartum depression occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following deli very. Postpartum depression has symptoms that cause clinicallyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Postpartum Depression2232 Words   |  9 PagesResearch Postpartum depression affects about 13% of new mothers within the first year after childbirth (Marrs, 2013). Every year there are nearly 4 million births and approximately 1 in 7 women experience postpartum depression (â€Å"Postpartum Depression-ACOG†, 2013). When a woman is screened for PPD, they are typically evaluated after giving birth and approximately 4-6 weeks after delivery. Screening can include the use of Postnatal questionnaires to determine the severity of the depression and the treatmentRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatment Essay2158 Words   |  9 PagesPostpartum Depression is depression that occurs after performing childbirth. This condition is often mistaken for the â€Å"baby blues† which has similar symptoms such as tearfulness, extreme sadness, anxiety, self-doubt, and fatigue. However, the â€Å"baby blues† goes away within a few weeks after and unlike the â€Å"baby blues†, postpartum depression can cause suicidal thoughts, difficulty making decisions, and feeling too exhausted to get out of bed for hours. If postpartum depression is not treated properly

Organizational Learning Creating - Retaining and Transferring

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Learning for Creating, Retaining and Transferring. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to examine the systems thinking to a learning organization to evaluate the concept of team learning and personal mastery to become proficient in work. Learning can occur individually by certain situations in an organization or it may occur within the organization system through team work. Team work enables development of the whole organization as well as achieving individual proficiency through team work (Hitt, 2013). Therefore, the team learning concept will be evaluated by comparison of system thinking and integrating it with personal mastery. Compare systems thinking to a learning organization Learning organization is one which embraces creative thought from employees in work environment to seek solutions to work-related problems. In such learning organization, employees act as active participant in transforming work flow and systems thinking is the key to promote organizational function. A learning organization can prosper by means of effective system thinking. To achieve the purpose of learning in organization, system thinking pattern needs to be change to develop team and individual employee. A leader or work manager in a learning organization can promote systems thinking by the ability to see wider angle of any action and seeing the inter-relationship between the cause and effect of any action.They do not operate in a limited vision and provide equal opportunity of learning to all workers (Senge, 2014). System thinking is an initiative to bring change in organization by shifting the paradigm of work culture from an unconnected team to interconnected team having the common objective of achieving the goals of the learning organization. Learning organization try to adopt continuously to change and achieve this by means of shared vision and commitment to consistently improve the quality of product and services. The whole team works together in response to change in business environment and learn from the experience too. This form of systems thinking helps a learning organization to go ahead of competitors in the market and achieve success in business by brining improvement in the service in a systematic manner (Fullan, 2014). However, another important point is that a learning organization can prosper not only by system thinking, but also by factors of personal mastery, mental models, building shared visions and team learning (Senge, 2014). Personal mastery is related to the employees e ffort of striving to work to their full potential and mental model is the management of mental conflicts by means of self-reflection and changing belief structure. As systems thinking emphasizes on connectedness of the organization as a whole, shared vision is extremely essential so that a team operates wisely and learns in the process (Dieleman, 2013). System thinking provides the learning organization with the support needed to create a culture of change. Employees working in such organization are very competitive and are committed to learning. Leader in learning organization provide a reference point to team member so that they create an ever-evolving structure that is based on future vision of the company. Therefore, systems thinking in team work teaches team member to manage changes and stretch their perceived knowledge limits to realize their new potential. Efficient leaders provide this competitive work culture to team members by exchange of ideas and shared vision to initiate new practice (Goetsch Davis, 2014). Integration of personal mastery with team learning concept Team work has many important benefits for a learning organization as it increases efficiency of work, increases production, leads to fast response to problem by taking feedback of other team members and helps to build mutual support in the organization. Organizations completely rely on team to execute their business strategy and team members learn in the process by adapting to organizational strategy and operations. However a team cannot be successful unless individual member commit to learn and give their best for the company. Their personal mastery is needed to balance the concept of team learning. This is because individual efforts translate into a team effort and their skills and knowledge in work act as a source of learning for the whole team. Commitment of each individual team member leads to the success of the team and it promotes organizational learning (Argote, 2012). Personal mastery is the skill and will required by every team member to learn and strengthen personal vision according to the needs of organization. The willingness of employees to grow and develop in job and achieve special proficiency leads to a team learning environment and they try to collect new ideas with the vision for a better future for the company. The personal competency and talent in job inspires other team members to achieve the same position and such talented transfer their positive vibes and attitude to other team members. These events ultimately create a mechanism in organization by which team learning is integrated in daily practice (Mehrabi et al., 2013). Therefore, such employees with high level of motivation to accomplish personal mastery is hard to find and leaders can play a role in creating a culture that allows them to pursuit excellence in job by means of awards and incentive schemes. In such situation, all employees will commit to learn and achieve mastery in developing professional skills according to the demands of the job. People with personal mastery can overcome the gap between reality and vision and they always seek new opportunity to learn. Such individual can be beneficial for team learning to sustaining and support challenges faced in work (Frese Keith, 2015). Conclusion From the report, it can be conclude that learning organization can be developed by means of system thinking and personal mastery. Learning organization try to plan strategies so as to facilitate team work by means of shared learning to bring positive results for team, staffs as well as the individual. The alignment between system thinking and personal mastery is necessary to promote continuous learning as part of organization practice. Relevant actions in team learning initiative encourage effective collaboration between team members and empower people towards a collective vision. Reference Argote, L. (2012).Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. Springer Science Business Media. Dieleman, H. (2013). Organizational learning for resilient cities, through realizing eco-cultural innovations.Journal of Cleaner Production,50, 171-180. Frese, M., Keith, N. (2015). Action errors, error management, and learning in organizations.Annual review of psychology,66, 661-687. Fullan, M. (2014).Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Hitt, W. D. (2013). The learning organization: some reflections on organizational renewal.Employee Councelling Today. Mehrabi, J., Soltani, I., Alemzadeh, M., Jadidi, M. (2013). Explaining the Relationship between Organizational Structure and Dimensions of Learning Organizations (Case study: Education Organization in Boroojerd County and the Related Departments).International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,3(4), 116. Senge, P. M. (2014).The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business.

Inventory Management System free essay sample

He suggests, though, that for the endurance of your business and the future of your applications as a whole, you go with something like PHP that has a good solid community and is in constant development to make it and its features better. The flexibility that PHP offers also means that the possibility for someone to write nasty code that works (for now) goes up greatly. * Adobe Dreamweaver [Heaton (1998)] According to Heaton (1998), he states that,â€Å"I personally recommend Dreamweaver to both learners and seasoned experts’ think Adobe can make is more accessible to people by having various versions of it much like Elements is a poor man’s Photoshop, there should be a cut down version of DW. So in my opinion  no, it is not just an overpriced text editor. Dreamweaver is a powerful and highly applicable tool that every designer should be able to own. * Inventory [Donald Reimer (1989)] According to Donald Reimer (1989), â€Å"Today, maintaining the right inventory levels is a tough challenge. We will write a custom essay sample on Inventory Management System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If not properly managed, your inventory can result in a significant expense. Looking over your shoulder is the lender who is concerned about the cost of carrying too much inventory- which can affect profitability. † * Inventory System [Michael Bernacchi (2002)] According to an author Michael Bernacchi (2002),an inventory systems maintain information about activities within firms that ensure the delivery of products to customers. The subsystems that perform these functions include sales, manufacturing, warehousing, ordering, and receiving. In different firms the activities associated with each of these areas may not be strictly contained within separate subsystems, but these functions must be performed in sequence in order to have a well-run inventory control system. According to Godwin Udo (1993), given such developments, it is little wonder that business experts commonly cite inventory management as a vital element that can spell the difference between success and failure in today’s keenly competitive business world. Writing in production and inventory Management Journal, Godwin Udo described telecommunications technology as a critical organizational asset that can help a company realize important competitive gains in the area of inventory management. He noted that companies that make good use of this technology are far better equipped to succeed than those who rely on outdated or unwieldy methods of inventory control. According to Dennis Eskow (1990), automation can dramatically impact all phases of inventory management, including counting and monitoring of inventory items; recording and retrieval of item storage location; recording changes to inventory; and anticipating inventory needs, including inventory handling requirements. This is true even of stand-alone systems that are not integrated with other areas of the business, but many analysts indicate that productivity and hence profitability gains that are garnered through use of automated systems can be increased even more when a business integrates its inventory control systems with other systems such as accounting and sales to better control inventory levels. As Dennis Eskow noted in PC Week, business executives are â€Å"increasingly integrating financial data, such as accounts receivable, with sales information that includes customer histories, the goal: to control inventory quarter to quarter, so it doesn’t come back to bite the bottom line. Key components of an integrated system are general ledger, electronic data interchange, database connectivity, and connections to a range of vertical business applications. † In the latter part of the 1990’s, may businesses invested heavily in integrated order and inventory systems designed to keep inventories at a minimum and replenish stock quickly. But business owners have a variety of system integration options from which to choose, based on their needs and financial liquidity. At the same time that these integrated systems have increased in popularity, business observers have suggested that â€Å"stand-alone† systems are falling into disfavor. A 1996 study by the international Mass Retail Association, for example, concluded that stand alone Warehouse Management System Packages acquired to perform individual functions will soon become obsolete because they do not integrate well with other systems. Another development of which small business vendors should be aware is a recent trend wherein powerful retailers ask their suppliers to implement vendor-managed inventory systems; these arrangements place the responsibility for inventory management squarely on the shoulders of the vendors. Under such an agreement, the vendors obtain warehouse or point of sale information from the retailer and use that information to make inventory restocking decisions. The move toward automation in inventory management naturally has moved into the warehouse as well, citing various warehousing experts, Sarah Bergin contended in transportation and distribution magazine that â€Å"the key to getting productivity gains from inventory management is placing real-time processing in the ware house uses combinations of hardware including material handling and data collection technologies, but according to these executive, the intelligent part of the system is sophisticated software which automates and controls all aspects of warehouse operations. Another important component of good inventory management is creation and maintenance of a sensible, effective warehousing design. A well-organized, user-friendly warehouse layout can be of enormous benefit to small business owners, especially if they are involved in processing large colymes of goods and materials. Conversely, an inefficient warehouse system can cost businesses dearly in terms of efficiency, custom er service, and ultimately profitability. Transportation and distribution magazine cited several steps that businesses utilizing warehouse storage systems can take to help ensure that they get the most out of their facilities.

Cri-du-chat Syndrome

Cri-du-chat Syndrome Free Online Research Papers CRI-DU-CHAT SYNDROME Cri-Du-Chat means â€Å"Cry of the cat† in French. It gets its name from its most characteristic hallmark feature in newborns were they comprise a very distinctive high-pitched, weak, mewing cat like cry during infancy caused by an abnormal development of the larynx that is usually diagnostic for the syndrome. This syndrome has many names to it as the Chromosome 5p- syndrome, Deletion 5p- syndrome, 5p minus syndrome, Cat cry syndrome, and Monosomy 5p but most commonly known as the Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome. Incidences of this disorder vary between 1 in every 20,000 50,000 live births worldwide and according to the 5p minus Society, approximately 50 to 60 children are born with cri du chat in the United States each year. Dr. Jerome Lejeune in 1963 described the disorder as a hereditary congenital syndrome linked to a partial deletion of the short arm, or p region in chromosome 5 but in %90 of patients the deletion is sporadic which means it could occur randomly and for it being j ust hereditary is just not the case. In 10% of patients with cri du chat, there is a hereditary chromosomal rearrangement that causes the deletion. Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome occurs when a deletion of chromosomal material takes place within a particular area of the p region on chromosome 5. This deleted genetic material contains many genes which are vital for normal development and the absence of the material results in the larynx, brain, and other parts of the body to not develop as expected resulting in the features associated with cri du chat syndrome. The deletions can differ in size from extremely small and involving only band 5p15.2 to the entire short arm. Majority of the deletions arise as new mutations, approximately 12% result from unbalanced segregation of translocations or recombination involving a per centric inversion in one of the parents. What genes and chromosomal disorders are linked to Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome? Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome is neither dominant nor recessive. The disorder is linked to Chromosome 5, where deletion of genetic materials occurs on the short or â€Å"p† arm of chromosome 5. The piece of chromosomal material deleted comprises of many vital genes necessary for proper normal development. When the missing genes are not presented the larynx, brain, and other part of the body do not develop well or as expected compared to the average newborn. The cri-du-chat syndrome appears to be the most common human deletion disorder. Estimations of the disorder occurrence vary between in an average of 1 in every 20,000 to 50,000 live births world wide on yearly bases. According to the 5p minus Society, approximately 50 to 60 children are born with cri du chat in the United States each year. Cri-du-chat Syndrome is obtained through birth so all cases of cri du chat are newborns. The frequency in populations of profoundly retarded patients (IQ less than 20) is approximately 1%. It can occur in all races and sexes but it has been discovered that females are affected more than males. The survival rate is estimated to be anywhere from %92-94% in overall human population. At birth, newborns comprise a very unusual distinctive high-pitched, weak, mewing cat like cry during infancy caused by an abnormal development of the larynx which is the disorders most characteristic hallmark feature that is usually diagnostic for the syndrome. As children that have the disorder get older, the cat-like cry becomes less noticeable. This can make diagnostics more difficult for older patients if the disorder was not detected at birth. Failure to thrive and mental impairment with an IQ rarely above 35 are practically always present. 85% of patients have a short stature and up to %50 of patients older than the age of 10 can communicate verbally. Cri-du-chat syndrome is characterized in young children by microcephaly (small head size), round face, hypertelorism, micrognathia, epicanthal folds, low-set ears, hypotonia which is reduced or diminished muscle tone, and severe psychomotor and mental retardation. Unusual facial features can be quite common from very subtle to v ery obvious features. During infancy, cri du chat patients do not gain weight or grow normally. Approximately %30 of infants with cri du chat comprises a congenital heart defect. Hypotonia also known as having poor muscle tone is also common, resulting in problems with eating and slow development. Metal retardation is present in all cases of patients with cri du chat but the degree of mental retardation varies between patients. During infancy, diagnostics is strongly suggested if a newborn comprises a very distinctive high-pitched, weak, mewing cat like cry during infancy caused by an abnormal development of the larynx that is usually diagnostic for the syndrome. If the unusual cat-like cry is present or other features of cri du chat syndrome is suspected a chromosome test should be performed. This test is conducted by taking a blood sample form the newborn for chromosome analysis which is also called â€Å"karyotyping†, involves staining the chromosomes and examining them under a microscope . There after, some cases the deletion of material from chromosome 5 can be easily detected but in other case further testing must take place. FISH (fluorescence in-situ hybridization) is a special technique that can detect very small deletions and the majority of the deletions that cause cri du chat can be detected performing this method. Cri du chat syndrome can be detected before birth if the mother allows permission to undergo amniocentesis testing or onic villus smapling (CVS). The testing method would be recommend if either parent is known to have chromosome rearrangement, or if they have a child with cri du chat syndrome. There is currently no treatment for the underlying disorder. Only therapies can be recommended to help stabilize and improve the disorder conditions. Treatments consist of supportive and developmental therapy. Medical problems can be improved by the following: Physiotherapy, Speech therapy, Occupational therapy, and behavioral management if necessary. Even after so many previous studies with cri du chat throughout the years, we still have yet to fulfill a treatment or prevention medications. Research Papers on Cri-du-chat SyndromePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Fifth HorsemanNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Selecting and Implementing Strategies of Instruction Essay

Selecting and Implementing Strategies of Instruction - Essay Example When it comes to the national level the government should ensure that all the teachers rendering their services should have achieved and qualified with the right specifications as teachers and that they meet all the conditions expected by the system. This should be verified by the teachers providing legal documents to prove they have met the conditions of the job. There should be a body dealing with all this and it should be a process. The teacher should be assessed by a qualified staff before been given the job in order to confirm practically that they deserve or do not deserve the job. There should be some rules that govern the teachers that before they teach a certain level they should have acquired some specifications or maybe have some experience. This process should be a requirement before securing the job as a teacher and the reason unto why caution is needed in this area is because of the sensitivity of education. This is an area that touches on almost all the aspects of life for example health and agriculture and these areas need proper care when handling them. Basically we can say education is a fundamental thing in a society so it should be taken seriously. The certification of teachers will make sure that the country produces qualified people in the society with good values and will eliminate unqualified personnel from misleading the students.Teaching is not a random job (Peter,

Comparative Perspective on Organized Crime Essay

Comparative Perspective on Organized Crime - Essay Example Our grounds for comparison will be in terms of organizational structure, operations, political significance and their respective cultures since sociologists insist they share a cultural underpinnings. The organized crime which came to be labeled as the mafia, regardless of racial grouping, owes its origin to the Italian mafia. This group was founded in Sicily and is also called the Cosa Nostra. It was established in the eastern part of the United States due to the onslaught of the Italian immigration in 19th century. Simply put, the mafia is a criminal secret society whose sole purpose is profit culled from various illegal activities. What distinguishes the mafia from other organized criminal groups is the cultural dimension to it. (Throsby 2001, p. 6) Mafias are identified by nationality such as the Italian mafia, Russian mafia or the Japanese Yakuza. In the book called, Understanding the Mafia, Joseph Farell (1997, p. 6) explained that mafia’s only aim is the enrichment and empowerment of the individual and â€Å"his family,† hence honor and success are inseparable. Also, another distinction relies on the fact that a characteristic of a mafia is that it performs g overnmental functions such as law enforcement and criminal justice- in spheres where the legal judicial system refuses to exercise power or is unable to do so. 1 The phenomenon of the mafia has actually generated extensive interest on the subject that anthropologists, scholars, historians, psychologists, social and political scientists and even economists are up in arms in interpreting their existence. Naturally, there is an ongoing debate over these organizations’ natures, but the â€Å"mafiologists† seem to agree that â€Å"the mafia is undoubtedly a complex, mysterious, multi-faceted phenomenon.† (Farrel) To the detriment of the Sicilian people, their tradition came to be identified with the Italian Mafia. Its operation within the Sicilian society gave it the precise

International Business, Economic Integration Essay Example for Free

International Business, Economic Integration Essay To begin with, the term economic integration can be defined as a procedure in which nations work together with one other in order to trim down or get rid of obstructions to the worldwide flow of goods, individual or resources (Dalimov, 2008) . The continuing paragraphs bring to light the advantages and disadvantages of economic integration. There exist a number of advantages associated with economic integration one of them is trade creation. By means of trade creation the members nations possess broader choice of products and provisions which were not earlier obtainable, can get hold of products and services at comparatively lesser price subsequent to trade barriers because of reduced tariffs or elimination of tariffs, motivate additional trade among associate nations as the steadiness of capital used up from low-priced products and services, could be brought to play so as to purchase extra goods and provisions. Apart from this, the other advantages include the fact that a group of countries could hold considerably better political authority as compared to every country would possess independently. Moreover, this amalgamation is perceived as a vital stratagem in order to deal with the upshots of disagreements and political unsteadiness that might influence the area. It is also considered to be a very constructive implement to deal with the economic and social challenges related to globalization. Further, as economic integration motivates trade emancipation and result in marketplace growth, extra savings into the nation and larger dissemination of know-how generates additional job prospects for individual to shift from one nation to other with the purpose to search employment or to get superior salary (Alesina et. al. , 1997). Moving ahead, one of the disadvantages associated with economic integration include trade diversion. Due to trade barriers, trade gets shifted from a non-associate nation to an associate nation in spite of the incompetence in price. For instance, a nation would have to bring to a halt trade along with less price produce located in a non-associate nation and deal with a producer located in an associate nation which include a superior price. In addition to this, other disadvantages encompass the fact that it could also augment trade barriers in opposition to non-affiliate nations. Furthermore, it needs associate nations to go without some extent of power with respect to chief procedures such as trade, financial and economic guidelines. Moreover, the greater the degree of incorporation, the higher the level of authorities that requires to be sacrificed chiefly in the situation of a political league economic amalgamation that calls for countries to sacrifice a large amount of independence. Small companies typically have difficulty competing against large multinationals when their governments take part in regional trade blocs. What could governments do to help their small companies compete after the formation of such blocs? Primarily, at the time when a country’s government commits to taking part in a local trade bloc, there prevail a number of concerns that could grab hold of a number of small organizations off guard. A few of these concerns vary from incremented competition, shortfall of workers, and the incapability to acquire superior quality goods that were conventionally obtainable from non associate countries. Moreover, the function of the government entities in supporting organizations with such situation is considered to be rather complicated. The purpose of taking part in the provincial trade bloc is to augment trade that is by and large the flourishing upshot for the entire country. One of the advantages of such trade blocs is the lessening of government participation in trade. However, for government entities to offer help to its organizations could be a bit duplicitous for the bloc contract in case if it hinders trade in any manner with rest of the bloc affiliates. In the happening that an organization’s proceeds are in danger through the introduction of products from a non- bloc associate, tariffs or import taxes could be made compulsory in order to bring down the level of competition. This will require to be synchronized with associate countries so as to make sure permanence. In addition to this, other means by which the government can assist is by trimming down the amount of imported products through quotas. Moreover, this will still permit a fraction of the products into the nation at the same time guaranteeing that organizations inside the nation or bloc could still try to win. The most useful method that the government entities can carry out for its small organizations that strive hard subsequent to the initiation of a trade bloc is to make sure that each and every short term finance matters are handled by establishing help provisions and most significantly, ensuring that edifying facilities inside the nation go along nation’s effectiveness by shoring up formulated plans and bringing about fresh plans in order to handle inadequacies as and when they occur. Moving ahead, a government requires keeping an eye on the way how contribution inside a trade bloc has influenced organizations insides its limitations, the minimum extent of government contribution may prove to be most appropriate. Further, the trade blocs are incessantly being modified by initiating trade with other nations with passing time. Lastly, several negotiations that a nation adopts in the short period so as to attempt to assist circumstances inside its limitations can have enduring impacts on nations which might desire to contribute inside the bloc in the upcoming times.

Media Censorship Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Censoring Essays

Media Censorship Today there is much controversy over whether there should or shouldn’t be censorship of the media. Censorship should not be imposed on citizens by the government or other agencies; adults have a right to view or listen to what they choose. Additionally, if children’s media is censored, parents are the ones who should monitor and regulate it. Parents should be the ones to monitor children’s viewing of television and also what they hear on the radio, CD’s, and tapes. Censorship includes the examination and blocking of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media that is shown to, or available to the public. Media censorship is sometimes put into place because content is immoral or obscene, heretical or blasphemous, seditious or treasonable, or injurious to the national security. It is supposedly used for the protection of the family, the church, and the state. Additionally some religious groups, opposed to the violence shown in different types of media, say censorship works. Still more that believe in civil rights think that it is an unnecessary violation of the right to freedom of speech for all humans. Censorship of the media for children is necessary, but should not be handled by government or other groups. Instead it should be directed and controlled by parents. Censorship for children is necessary because the average American view’s 100,000 acts of violence on TV before reaching t...

Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up

Title: DNA analysis Aim: a) Isolate and Purify Bacterial Chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli b) Visualization of restriction fragments by Agarose Gel electrophoresis Objectives: * to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli * to analyze and identify DNA by use of a spectro-photometer * to use restriction enzymes to cleave DNA into fragments * to visualize the restriction fragments by gel electrophoresis * to compare the different DNA fragments generated by use of molecular markersAbstract This work describes a lysis method for the isolation and purification of bacterial genomic DNA and visualization of the restriction fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was noted that for one to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA several steps are taken into consideration. DNA was found to absorb at 260nm wavelength in a UV spectrophotometer. Restriction enzymes were added to cleave DNA which would produce various DNA fragments. DNA can be separate d into different sized fragments by gel electrophoresis.The bacterial DNA was successfully isolated and purified however it could not be observed after running the gel. DNA analysis is a standard practice for defining paternity or maternity, predisposition to disease, embryonic health and criminal guilty. But in our context, DNA analysis is mainly used for predisposition of diseases in bacteria. Bacteria are pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases including cholera, syphilis, anthrax and leprosy. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections such as tuberculosis (Barnum S.R; 1998). Nucleic acids encode information relating to cell structure and function. Cells have the ability to make copies of their DNA and pass this information to daughter cells. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of ribose (a 5` carbon) sugar and either a purine and pyrimidine base at 1` position. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T) and Uracil (U). Uracil is only found in RNA and thymine is only found in DNA (Wiser M. F; 2002).Isolation of nucleic acid – three major types of techniques are employed in the isolation of nucleic acids differential solubility, absorption methods or density gradient centrifugation. The choice of method will depend on the type of DNA being isolated and the application. A major goal of nucleic acid isolation is the removal of proteins. The separation of nucleic acids from proteins is generally accomplished due to their different chemical properties. In particular, the highly charged phosphate backbone makes the nucleic acids rather hydrophilic as compared to proteins which are more hydrophobic (Allison L.A; 2012). Spectrophotometry is a versatile analytical tool. The underlying principle of spectrophotometry is to shine light on a sample and to analyze how the sample affects the light. DNA absorbs light at a wavelength of approximately 260nm (Stryer; 2006). Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. Separation is based size, shape and density. It utilizes density difference between the particles/macromolecules and the medium in which these are dispersed (Gupta P. K; 2006).Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields. A buffer is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it and thus it is used to prevent any change in the pH of a solution (Cowan M. K; 2009). Electrophoresis is a diverse technique of separation used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids that differ in size, charge or conformation by an electric current (Stryer L. 2006). Gel electrophoresis refers to using a gel as an ant convective mediu m and or sieving medium during electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is most commonly used for separation of biological macromolecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein; however, gel electrophoresis can be used for separation of nanoparticles. Materials Used * Luria Broth medium * SET Buffer * TEN Buffer * Choloroform/isoamyl alcohol. 24:1 mixture * Phenol/ chloroform 1:1 (Buffer saturated phenol) * Ethanol (95%) stored at -20? * Na Acetate * NaCl: 5M sterilized by autoclaving Sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) : 26% (w/v) * Bacteria cells * Plastic test tubes * Glass rods * Wide bore pipette * Ice bath * Centrifuge * Ethidium bromide * Agarose * TBE buffer Methodology Each group carried out the following procedures: Used two 50ml sterile plastic tubes, harvested cells by centrifugation for 10 min 4’C. Combined pellets to give approximately 1g wet weight of cells. Washed the pellet, re-suspended it in 20ml Ten buffer by gentle vortexing. Harvest ed the cells again as described above. Re suspended the cells in 10ml of Set buffer and let them sit on ice for 5min.Added 1000Â µL of lysozyme and incubated at 37? for 30 min. Divided the cell suspension into two in separate sterile 50ml tubes. Added 5 ml Ten Buffer and 500Â µl of SDS. Gently mixed the tubes by inverting them until lysis occurred. To each tube added 1ml 5M NaCl and an equal volume of buffer saturated phenol. The tubes were inverted till the mixture was emulsified. Separated the phases by centrifugation for 10min at 40C. Recovered the upper aqueous phase using a wide bore pipette. When retaining the aqueous phase the pellicle at the interface was avoided. Repeated the extraction until the interface was clear.Added an equal volume of chloroform and extract residual protein as described above. Transferred the upper aqueous phases from both tubes to a 100ml beaker. Set them on ice and added 1/10th volume 3M Na acetate. Precipitate the DNA by addition of 2 volumes of ice cold 95% ethanol. Mixed thoroughly and allow it to stand for about 5min on ice for the DNA to precipitate. Spooled the DNA out of solution on a glass rod, dipped it into a tube of 95% ethanol and re-suspended in 10ml Ten Buffer. Left to dissolve overnight at 4’C B) Gel electrophoresis The gel was prepared by melting 1. 6g of agarose plus 200ml of 0. x TBE buffer. Swirled the mixture and allowed it to cool to 55?. Added 10? l ethiduim dye Loaded the gel in the following order; 1. Undigested pBSK 2. pBSK + digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 3. Undigested DNA from a blue colony 4. DNA from a blue colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 5. Undigested DNA from a white colony 6. DNA from a white colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba1 7. Lambda Hind III molecular weight markers After loading the gel it was run at 100 volts for 2 hours. Results We managed to precipitate DNA out of the Bacterial cells. DNA was seen a small white like fragments.However we could not spool the DNA out of sol ution using glass rods due to fact that DNA is a fragile compound hence when we twisted / spooled for DNA we destroyed the DNA strands cutting them into smaller fragments. The following day, analysis of the DNA sample in a spectrophotometer was carried out. It was found that DNA absorbed a specific wavelength of 260nm. This proved the presence of DNA in the sample. Our sample was digested by restriction enzymes and labeled the DNA fragments with an identification dye and ran them on the Gel electrophoresis together with molecular weight markers.After running the gel no observeable bands of different band fragments were observed. Only the molecular weight markers bands were observed. Discussion The TEN and SET buffer were used to lyse the cells. They are good buffering agent, which solubilizes the DNA, while protecting it from degradation. Eluting and storing the DNA in TBE Buffer is helpful if the EDTA does not affect the downstream applications. EDTA chelates or binds to Mg2+ ions present in purified DNA and can help inhibit possible contaminating nuclease activity (Cowan M. K; 2009).Balancing of test tubes before centrifugation in order for the centrifugation process to be effective to create centrifugal field that results in maximum separation of cell components. According to Wiser M. F 2002, DNA is very insoluble in ethanol and isopropanol, but both alcohols are very water soluble. Thus, it will dissolve in water to form a solution and cause the DNA in the solution to aggregate and precipitate out. Isopropanol is often better to use because it has greater potency in precipitating the DNA and thus lower concentration is required. This is advantageous because it will take less time for the isopropyl alcohol to evaporate.Salts such as sodium chloride and ammonium acetate remove histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins bound to the DNA. As soon as 95% ethanol was added after sodium acetate for DNA precipitation, the whole solution turned cloudy with a lot of white precipitate, precipitating down. According to Allison L. A, 2012; sodium acetate which is negatively charged and low pH was used which contributes to charging positively the DNA. A combination of this plus high salt molarity enhances formation of aggregates of DNA and facilitates the pelleting procedure. Chloroform isoamyl-alcohol is a type of detergent.It binds to protein and lipids of cell membrane and dissolves them. By this it disrupted the bonds that hold the cell membrane together and cause it to breakdown. It then forms complexes with these lipids and proteins, causing them to precipitate out of solution (Besty T and Keogh J; 2005). This reduced chance of contaminated DNA being obtained hence making it possible for us to be able to precipitate DNA only. Alcohol (95%ethanol) is used to precipitate DNA. SDS which stands for ‘sodium dodecyl sulfate' is a strong anionic detergent that can solubilize the proteins and lipids that form the membranes.This will helped t he cell membranes and nuclear envelopes to break down and expose the chromosomes that contain the DNA. In addition to removing the membrane barriers, SDS helped release the DNA from histones and other DNA binding proteins by denaturing them (Barnum S. R; 1998). Ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA (Wiser M.F; 2012). Molecular weight size is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel. These markers were composed of nucleic acids of different sizes. A few reasons you may not see bands on the gel after electrophoresis: When preparing the gel for electrophoresis TBE buffer was used. This was done so that the temperature can be maintained and lubricate the electrolyte. L oading dye was added this helped weigh down the DNA so that it can sink into the bottom wells and not float in the buffer solution. According to Gupta P.K, 2006; loading dye moves quickly than the actual DNA parts so it is an indicator to when to turn off the power on the electrophoresis chamber. The dye also makes the DNA visible to the naked eye, giving it a purplish color and making it easier to work with. After Gel electrophoresis no bands of DNA were observed. This according Allison L. A (2012) might have been as a result of any of the following * DNA concentration might have been too low. * DNA sample is contaminated with RNA and Protein * DNA bands are too small and have run out of the gel The buffer system in which the gel is suspended is not doing its job correctly. The buffer might have to be made fresh. * The electrophoresis apparatus is not in the correct orientation (electrodes not connected to the right poles). The major drawback in the experiment was that our fellow c olleagues were not able to isolate and purify their DNA. Also when working with DNA temperature regulations were not sometimes adhered to, it was sometimes left on the surface tables for long periods esp. when the samples were being analyzed in the spectrophotometer.Recommendations With proper teamwork and co-ordination among my fellow classmates much larger quantities of DNA could have been isolated and purified. The DNA should not be kept at room conditions for a long time. Conclusion The experiment was partly a success managed to isolate and purify DNA, analyzed it using a spectrophotometer. However bands of DNA could not be visualized after running the gel. References 1. Allison L. A. (2012). Fundamental Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Denvers. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2. Barnum Susan.R, (1998), Biotechnology: An introduction, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. 3. Besty Tom and Keogh Jim, (2005), Microbiology demystified, New York; MacGraw-Hill. 4. Cowan Majorie Kelly, (2009), M icrobiology: A Systems Approach, 3rd edition; New York; MacGraw-Hill. 5. Gupta, P. K. (2006). Elements of Biotechnology, Meerut. Rastogi Publications. 6. Stryer L, Berg J. M and John Tymozcko. (2006). Biochemistry. 5th edition. California. W. H Freeman and Company. 7. Wiser, M. F. (2002). Methods in cell biology. Berlin. Springer Verlog CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYName Tanyaradzwa R Ngara Reg Number C1110934J Course Recombinant DNA Technology Module Code CUBT 203 Program Biotechnology Level 2:1 Lecturer Dr Mlambo Practical Write-up DNA analysis

Can One Survive Without College Education

Study well at school, go to a college, graduate, find a high-paying, stable job, work hard and live happily ever after – this is the mantra people all over the world have been repeating for the last hundred years. And it was a right thing to believe in during the industrial age. But the industrial age is no more; the world has firmly entered the territory of the information age, and many people today believe that it is time to go over the preconceptions that seem self-obvious. For example, the necessity of college education for achieving success. And it becomes glaringly obvious that the times when a college degree was a sure-fire guarantee of an affluent life have passed. With more and more people getting a degree every year the comparative value of each degree gets diluted, and we see the results: a large percentage of graduates are simply incapable of finding jobs – or, at least, jobs they studied for. We live in curious times: as college degree is no longer a guarantee of a good job, the issue of surviving with college education becomes as viable as that of surviving without one, and there hardly can be a definite answer as to which is harder. After all, unemployed graduates usually have student loans to repay, loans that are biting even for the budget of a well-paid specialist, let alone a person with no job and no immediate prospects of one. We don’t try to prove that college education is completely unnecessary or even detrimental to achieving success; we simply try to show that there can be different opinions. In addition to that, you should define what you understand by ‘success’ before you start thinking about this subject. If your goal is a stable high-paid job, then college education may and will be of help, for it is impossible to enter many fields without one. Medical professionals, engineers, lawyers, government officials are all well-paid positions you cannot get until you receive a corresponding degree. If you manage to find your place in the system, you are set up for life – or at least until the next recession. If, however, you want to earn a lot of money, live a dynamic life, set goals and achieve them, then spending several years in college may turn out to be a tremendous waste of time – and the most productive time of your life, mind you. There are numerous professions that don’t require higher education to find well-paid jobs in, and here we talk about the jobs of the future: programmers, app developers, web-designers and other IT specialists, for example. You don’t need college education to start your own small business – or you do need education, but not the one you can get in college. Real estate brokers, pilots, construction managers, executive chefs – all these are extremely high-paid jobs in industries where no one cares about your degrees, only about your ability to work. And rest assured, the greater part of higher education adds nothing to your ability to survive in real world.